Thew Eed Thre Ad.

[ThrashO]

The Weed Thread :)

I talked to Mods. S'cool. As long as we don't post cheeseburgers everything should be groovy.

Anyone partake? Grow?

[Aaarg]

man i just mixed some grass withsome ground beef and made the biggest weedburger of my life

[k0k0]

I smoked for maybe 9 years. From when I was 13 until 22, then it started giving me panic attacks every time I'd smoke. Was a good time while it lasted.

The roommate and I tried growing some to sell a year and a half ago, but that never worked out because we put them in a small clearing in the woods and some homeless guy probably took them all. They were starting to grow and the next visit we took to water them, they were gone.

We did grow mushrooms in a closet that were really good supposedly (I don't do any drugs anymore due to how much any drug I take panics me). I think sometime in the future we may grow a closet full of mushrooms and sling them. The main problem with that is you need to trust people you're selling to and honestly there's maybe 5 people we sold our last batch to. We don't trust people not to send the cops knocking on our door.

[Esuohlim]

http://mysite.verizon.net/vzesdp09/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Police_Car_flashing_lights.gif

ThrashO, you're permanently expelled!

[k0k0]

Oh yeah, when I was 17, my first job was delivering for a deli near my house. Turns out my boss delivered pot too, so I ended up always driving around high out of my mind, always with a bag of weed somewhere in the car, usually tucked away in the trunk where the spare tire was hidden because I was super paranoid. Only problem with delivering it is that everyone wants you to sit there and smoke it with them and the restaurant was a busy place, so I refused a lot of people's offers. The tips were awesome though. This was back when gas was around 80 cents a gallon and times were sweet.

[ThrashO]

http://mysite.verizon.net/vzesdp09/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/Police_Car_flashing_lights.gif

ThrashO, you're permanently expelled!

http://www.gifbin.com/bin/1236166573_steven_seagal_shooting_kids.gif

GET FUCKED, COPPER. YOU AINT TAKIN ME. >:

[ThrashO]

We did grow mushrooms in a closet that were really good supposedly (I don't do any drugs anymore due to how much any drug I take panics me). I think sometime in the future we may grow a closet full of mushrooms and sling them. The main problem with that is you need to trust people you're selling to and honestly there's maybe 5 people we sold our last batch to. We don't trust people not to send the cops knocking on our door.

I've heard shrooms are the easiest thing to grow. No mess, no bugs and no odor. I did them twice when I lived in seattle. The first time was bananas. I don't feel like going into the whole experience but it was intense.

The second time... Nothing really happened... I think I spent the whole time making a "Shroom" playlist on my ipod and it was about 900 songs long. I think I played about two songs before I fell asleep.

I don't think I could grow, too goddamn risky. I feel like I'd get drunk and be like "WANAN KNOW a coOL SECeret?!"

[Pentegarn]

I am one of those squares that never did drugs, so instead here's a couple of clips that make me laugh that have some tie in to the topic at hand

jsYEHTyLbeE

hUD1LzHqNUc

[Guitar Woman]

I keep getting ripped off lately. All the decent dealers got arrested and I have to buy from jokers who give me a gram and a half of mexican shitweed for 40 bucks, call it an eighth, and ask if I want their phone numbers.

Awesome things to do after smoking grass!
Watch Doctor Who
Listen to classic metal
Read Problem Sleuth
Drink beer
Watch football
Watch Top Gear
Play Fallout
Watch comedians doing routines about smoking grass

[Fathom Zero]

http://img10.imageshack.us/img10/5202/headinhands.jpg

[Zomboid]

Ugh.

[Guitar Woman]

STOP ENJOYING YOURSELVES THIS INSTANT

[ItalianStereotype]

GETTIN HIGH KILLZ YOR GAINZ BRAH

[k0k0]

Aaahnold did it.

[Womti]

just dont get high for money. I wouldn't get high for money

[Tadao]

Hey Homeless, I'm pretty sure you would do anything for money.

[Zomboid]

Yeah, man. Nothin' like talkin' about weed to really enjoy yourself. haha 420 all day man smoke weeeeeeeeeeeeed tha chronic hahahaaaa im so baked man lol

[executioneer]

one time i got weeded out so hard on weed that I threw up. I threw up so violently that i burst some of the capillaries in my eyes, and you could tell what direction I was looking when I threw up from the pattern of burst capillaries

[Zhukov]

I hate the smell and the people that smoke it. A guy I knew in highschool died from eating mushrooms and I fucking laughed so hard I cried.

[creeposaurus]

..

[captain516]

I prefer brownies and cookies made with the stuff over actually smoking it :posh

[executioneer]

yeah that was what made me puke :( made a batch of cookies expecting to share, couldn't get ahold of friends, fell victim to my own awesome cookie-making skills and ate like 12

[Aaarg]

hahaha yeah dude i would never be able to stop eating cookies or brownies because then i'd be fucking high and there would be cookies or brownies in the house

also i think if i did shrooms i would die

[executioneer]

i know someone who had to go to a mental hospital after taking shrooms :( and i'd taken some from the same batch 15 minutes after he took them which made the whole thing that much more terrifying

[Aaarg]

i probably would, haha. for a while i wanted to try peyote and my sister warned me never to fuck with hallucinogens and that seems like pretty sound advice. my brain is fucked.

[Guitar Woman]

Shrooms were fantastic, actually, you just have to remember not to mix them with anything.

My puke was like a gray and blue kaleidoscope of soggy fungal matter and friendship swirling around in the toilet.

I bought eight tabs of acid a while ago, and tried one over at Tolovana Inn, but either I screwed up somehow or it was fake. I'm thinking that I must have exposed it to the sunlight at some point, because I know I didn't touch it.

Those things are a lot more fragile than you see in the movies.

[executioneer]

yeah the OTHER time i shroomed it was fun

just, not THAT time

[Fathom Zero]

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3480/3918081871_8b59fdd94d_o.gif

[Aaarg]

no i think shrooms would literally send me over the edge even if they're "mild" compared to other things, haha

also that's the best part of that movie from what i remember

[Fathom Zero]

There's a lot like that in the movie.

The bit where he's by his dad's deathbed, for instance.

[Aaarg]

i don't rmemeber i was hiiiiiiiiiigh ni99a!!!

[Dr. Boogie]

A friend of mine used a dehydrator and mixed the result into some peanut butter to make little peanut butter graham cracker sandwiches. In case you were wondering, yes, pot does make peanut butter taste awful.

We ate a couple and then played LA Noire for a few hours. It was so hard, mostly because we couldn't remember who we were interviewing, or why we were interviewing them. Later it got worse because we couldn't remember what anyone had said right after they finished saying it, even though we had a log that recorded all of it.

The next day, we tried it again and got 5 star rankings on cases we had previously gotten 2 stars on, and we marveled at how much easier it was.

[executioneer]

a dehydrator? how the hell does that work

[Evil Robot II]

I can't smoke weed anymore so I can get my 100 ton Captains license. I do however still smoke the legal analouge of weed know as "spice" but trademarked under numerous names. I find it's better than weed, and you can smoke it in a crowd without anybody knowing what that good incense smell is.

[k0k0]

I can't smoke weed anymore so I can get my 100 ton Captains license. I do however still smoke the legal analouge of weed know as "spice" but trademarked under numerous names. I find it's better than weed, and you can smoke it in a crowd without anybody knowing what that good incense smell is.

Reminds me of star wars...you have to go to a spice trader to get some?

[Evil Robot II]

Daze Inc in Balwin NY

[Evil Robot II]

THATS IN LAWN GILAND

[Dr. Boogie]

a dehydrator? how the hell does that work

It just drains all the moisture out of the pot and turns it into dust, pretty much. I guess it's mainly used for making the stuff suitable for making brownies and the like.

[executioneer]

i did it the science way, I put it in a coffee filter and poured alcohol thru it (several times), and then slowly boiled the alcohol off

on a hot plate, outside, so there wasn't a risk of making a fiery explosion or suffocating anyone in alcohol fumes :safety

edit: although if it'd been dehydrated first and then crushed to powder, i bet it'd have been a lot more efficient

[Tadao]

If you use butter in your treats, you can double boil the green and the butter. Then strain, and to get what's left out of the strainer you can pour boiling hot water into the strainer over a bowl, take the butter/water mix and put it in the cold cold fridge and after it separates put that butter together with the strained butter. I'm sure there's better ways, that's just how I was taught on the farm.

[executioneer]

that'll work but alcohol reduction is more effective

which is probably another reason why those goddamn cookies murdered me

[k0k0]

I remember the one time I made pot brownies in highschool. My friend and I invited a couple people over to make them since we were ditching school as usual and I didn't work until about 4 hours later. I didn't know how much to use, so I figured better have too much than too little. We used a half an ounce of good weed to do it. I separated all the weed from the stems and then tore the buds into little pieces and thought that was enough. Threw it into the mixture and then into the oven.

It tasted terrible and we just sat around for maybe 4 hours hanging out. Nothing happened. And this was really good stuff too. We were all bummed and went our separate ways. I went to work. On a delivery, in the middle of taking an order into an apartment's office area, everything just went slow motion. I slowly walked into the office building of the apartments and everyone was staring at me. The lady who placed the order talked to me and all I could see were these wavy lines, like the ones that followed the bullets in the matrix. They moved towards me slowly from her and then when they hit me, I heard her voice. Weirdest fucking thing. It happened again and again, each time she talked, I couldn't tell what she was saying until those fucking sound waves got to me.

I ended up calling my work from there after I finally got the transaction finished and told them that I was taking the day off. I had ingested too much pot to function and was tripping out. Until then I did not know that weed could make you hallucinate.

A couple of my friends ended up in a movie theater with the walls melting and one of them called the hospital.

[captain516]

If you use butter in your treats, you can double boil the green and the butter. Then strain, and to get what's left out of the strainer you can pour boiling hot water into the strainer over a bowl, take the butter/water mix and put it in the cold cold fridge and after it separates put that butter together with the strained butter. I'm sure there's better ways, that's just how I was taught on the farm.

That's the same way my friends made it.

[ThrashO]

I can't smoke weed anymore so I can get my 100 ton Captains license. I do however still smoke the legal analouge of weed know as "spice" but trademarked under numerous names. I find it's better than weed, and you can smoke it in a crowd without anybody knowing what that good incense smell is.

Fuck spice dude. For those who dont know, Spice (K2), is some synthetic shit made in a lab. Some kids at UNC just OD'd on the suit and died. It was legal for a while and when I was talking to my old dealer about it he was telling me all the suit they've found out about it, Not only because it was self interest for him to keep customers, but studies have been done showing that prolonged use will cause brain damage and other side effects.

Also, I agree with Tadao, weed butter is where it's at. A guy down the street would make a big plate of this green butter, we would break it apart and make stuff with it. Best way to infuse pot into anything. If you're a real fatass you can just eat a chunk of it :)

[Guitar Woman]

Yeah, I was going to say, JWH is horrible for you.

Anything that leaves your brain feeling like soup after you come down is not to be fucked with. I wouldn't trust any synthetic drugs except LSD.

I feel like this is a good opportunity to talk about kratom some more, guys. It is my very favorite drug. It will turn you into a champion.

http://www.kratomcats.net/

It's cheap! It's legal! It's an opioid! It tastes like shit! Try some!

Don't bother with the enhanced extracts; they're bullshit, too expensive, and taste even worse than the normal-strength powder.

[Rez]

i smoked about once a month for a year or two in college
i think i did it wrong because i'd do the usual "write a play about teddy roosevelt and carmen sandiego going to mount rushmore and all the dialogue is just facial expressions" giggling business, but the next morning i'd still feel way off, wondering why my reflection seemed wrong and not being able to concentrate, and it would fucking linger with me for the rest of the week. i'd never feel 100% 'there', and then when i did someone would want to smoke again.

eventually i had enough and never did it again.

[Chojin]

i smoked about once a month for a year or two in college
i think i did it wrong because i'd do the usual "write a play about teddy roosevelt and carmen sandiego going to mount rushmore and all the dialogue is just facial expressions" giggling business, but the next morning i'd still feel way off, wondering why my reflection seemed wrong and not being able to concentrate, and it would fucking linger with me for the rest of the week. i'd never feel 100% 'there', and then when i did someone would want to smoke again.

eventually i had enough and never did it again.

this is why i don't smoke. i don't get high; i just get disoriented, and i feel stupid for about a week afterward.

[executioneer]

It's cheap! It's legal!
oh hey that sounds

It's an opioid! It tastes like shit!
...nevermind

[Aaarg]

it always just made me see colors and shapes and weird images and that was fun
but it also made it impossible to do anything and then i'd worry if i was really washing the same dish for five minutes or if i just felt like i was
also i'd just get lost in thought but not really thought, just, like, my brain trying to think and fooling me into thinking i was thinking

and then the last few times i did it it just took my depression and made it tangible and put it all the fuck around me and i was in some bottomless pit of despair and bitterness
so kind of like me normally, but more intense.
so... horribly... intense...

[Dimnos]

This thread reminds me of misdemeanor. :tear

[ThrashO]

Arrrg, I feel like I have shared the same time-bending experiences... For instance, My last experience with weed was with OG Kush, and it really tripped me out.

I will admit, I have never seen A Clockwork Orange aside from bits and pieces of it. But I've never seen the entire movie or really knew what it was about.

About a month ago (Haven't smoked since, new job may drug test and I'm trying to stay clean until then) me and my girlfriend have a couples night with our friends who are much bigger potheads than I am. And the other dude is really cool, and towards the end of the night it's just down to me and him hitting his vaporizer, and he's going at it, and he keeps passing it to me, and like a stubborn man, I don't puss out. I keep hitting it over and over again, waaaaay more than I usually do.

So this is when we decide to start watching A Clockwork Orange. It starts up, and I'm kind of going in and out of blacking out and I keep seeing myself on a rollercoaster, flying along this wierd red place, I was really tripping, and the whole time I see A Clockwork Orange playing on the walls, and it seems like almost 2 hours of this and I'm watching the movie from strange angles. Then I wake up, and it's still the beginning of the movie, and I remember JUST watching it. I am reading the lines inside my head right before they're said, seeing the scenes verbatim right before they happen. Scenes I have never seen before.

I keep asking my girl "Is this the second time? Didn't we just watch this?" and she is just laughing at me saying I should stop smoking. Also apparently I get really fucked up and rediculously goofy when I'm high and everyone in the room just thinks it's the funniest shit ever, when I am genuenly scared because I have either seen into the future and just watched all of Clockwork Orange in my head, or my friends are seriously fucking with me and played it again.

But the wierdest part, is that in my hallucinations of seeing the movie the first time, at times I saw MYSELF as this character:

http://www.gq.com/style/blogs/the-gq-eye/A-Clockwork-Orange-a-clockwork-orange-alex-delarge.jpg

acting out the scenes, commiting the crimes, and actually KNOWING the other characters. It was seriously the WIERDEST FUCKING NIGHT OF MY LIFE.

AND I STILL DON'T EVEN REMEMBER SHIT ABOUT THE GODDAMN MOVIE. >:

[WhiteRat]

I hate the smell and the people that smoke it. A guy I knew in highschool died from eating mushrooms and I fucking laughed so hard I cried.

:rolleyes:

[Aaarg]

Hahaha, dude, that's crazy.

I had a similar experience to the last thing you mentioned while watching Let the Right One In. Basically everything in the movie was a memory from my childhood, in my brain.

At first the high and the movie was just normal routine shit, nothing weird. Then at one point all the people in the movie were looking really weird. Anatomically incorrect, like, "that's not what people look like" I was thinking. Then I'd look at my legs and they were also not what they should look like. My roommate got up to get some food and I just said "I'll stay... right here."

The movie continues and suddenly there's a long shot that my brain registers as a painting that was hanging on the wall of my kitchen growing up - which it wasn't. But, like, everything from that point on was a memory. Some old Swedish dude was apparently my dad and I had hair just like the kid in the movie and oh man I remember that exact same jacket and that playground and that every-fucking-thing. So I spent the rest of the movie trying to convince myself that none of that was from my memory at all. Haha.

I didn't like it.

So I think I know exactly what you mean.

I just blamed it on having driven 8 hours that day, getting a ticket, and having to take a goddamn freezing cold shower upon arriving home. I didn't really smoke more than usual, and it was the same stuff we'd been smoking for like a week or two.


Also I often get dizzy upon standing up, especially in the summer. Sometimes I'll get up and start walking and have to lean against a wall so I don't, like, fall over or black out. Man, have you ever gotten really dizzy while high? Haha. Bad times!

[ThrashO]

Yes, that same night when it was time to go it looked like I was looking at everything through a wormhole. Like everything was stretching towards the center of my vision.

Like the camera trick in Dumb and Dumber when Mary tells Harry the toilet's broken. I almost fell down 4 or 5 times getting to the car. I like a good social-stoned but I don't being so fucked up that I can't control myself or cope with reality. Unless it's planned and everyone else is doing the same.

Also, Everyone said I kept grabbing the TV remote and going "haha, this isn't mine."

[Aaarg]

hahaha, awesome.

some people at work were talking about some party at my neighbor's place where i stuffed like 6 little cubes of cheese on toothpicks into my mouth at once, they were talking about how high i was. "i don't think i had smoked anything at that point, i just really like cheese."

because i remember what happened at that party when i got high. the girl-who-is-now-my-girlfriend and i sat on a couch in the dude's living room in the dark and just hung out there all afternoon/evening while everybody else was outside or on the porch. whenever the host's wife came through the room she'd turn the light on, and then the next person who would pass through the room, we'd try to convince to turn the light back off.

that's how you spend a party, isn't it? hiding from everybody?

[Womti]

so anybody in hea got a bowl pack fo me

[ThrashO]

wat

[Pentegarn]

so anybody in hea got a bowl pack fo me

Why not ask your buddies under the overpass?

[Womti]

no. that would be.. pointless.

[Zomboid]

haha maaaaan one time i wuz so baked watchin ferngully i like thought I WAS A CARTOON!!!! haha it was sooo sick man that was some good weeeeeeeed. i was so hungry we ordered some za and just fuckin crushed it real quick man hahahaha so awesome

[Zomboid]

LOL BOUT TIME TIME GUYZ
http://img169.imageshack.us/img169/3773/420timety9.gif

got a bag of cheetos some sweet shows on the tube n tgif right lol. oh wait its thursday hahahaa maaaaan im so ripped

[creeposaurus]

..

[ThrashO]

Zomboid wut strain did u smok

[Guitar Woman]

Oh shit guys, Zomboid's here, we'd better stop talking about the things we enjoy or he may snipe ironic at us!

Oh, heavens, save me from his venomous barbs.

[Zomboid]

I know that you're used to your irony extra thick and given by dudes in sweater vests and non-prescription glasses, but try not to have a conniption, OK? Maybe instead, go smoke a clove cigarette and just, like, think about what a joke conformity is.

[Zomboid]

Zomboid wut strain did u smok

nuthin butt the best man BC kush lol u just no there are fields over there n the farmers r makin a killing!!!!!

[Rongi]

yo man check it you know how they got those steaks with the parsley garnish? what if instead they just put a GIANT NUG on it!!!!!!!

[ThrashO]

I will turn a blind eye to your ignorance and just say... Salamay.

[Rongi]

maybe if i smoke more weed i'll be enlightened and i'll understand david lynch movies and stuff

[Zomboid]

You gotta free your mind, bro. I was totes freeeeaking out when I watched The Wall while fucked up on shrooms, man.

[Rongi]

one time i smoked weed that was laced with acid and then i saw my mom and threw up

[k0k0]

One time I synched up Bill and Tedd with Mannheim Steamroller after smoking 3 marijuana cigarettes (doobies). It was way cool.

[Sam]

One time I smoked some reefers and then I jerked off and it was AMAZING, I ate a whole bag of frozen chicken strips after and my mom was like "who ate all the chicken strips, I just torched a spleef and wanted to eat some and all I found were crusty paper towels in the freezer". :hypno

SMOKE WEED

[ThrashO]

If you're gonna be a prick in a thread do it when it's active, if you just bump it to be a shithead it kind of defeats the purpose of trying to bother someone.

and suck all dicks.

[Fathom Zero]

HwVdenAZdFc

[Tadao]

If you're gonna be a prick in a thread do it when it's active, if you just bump it to be a shithead it kind of defeats the purpose of trying to bother someone.

and suck all dicks.

Wow, what the fuck is your problem? You've been here all of a month and now you're bitching because someone "bumped" your stupid thread and teased you for being a dumb ass? Not only that, the thread was posted in the day before. If you can't handle this small taunt then you don't belong here you fucking pussy.

[Zomboid]

He's probably having withdrawals, bro. I bet his ol' lady or someone told him to stop partying for a bit BUT YOU CAN'T STOP A WHIRLWIND AND YOU CAN'T STOP THE LIFE OF THE PARTY, RIGHT BRO?!?!!

420smokeweeeeed420reeferdrugsbongs420

[ThrashO]

Wow, what the fuck is your problem? You've been here all of a month and now you're bitching because someone "bumped" your stupid thread and teased you for being a dumb ass? Not only that, the thread was posted in the day before. If you can't handle this small taunt then you don't belong here you fucking pussy.

It's not like I deleted my facebook and started crying, I just think close minded ignorant dick wipes should leave their mouths for things like pleasuring their sisters instead bothering people about something they obviously know nothing about.

I asked to have this thread moved off of the general board and into the philosophy section, I honestly didn't mean to post it right on the front of the message board like a faggot.

[Fathom Zero]

He's probably having withdrawals, bro
weedthdrwals :rock:rock:x

[Rongi]

I asked to have this thread moved off of the general board and into the philosophy section

lol

[Rongi]

yeah bro i;'ve never smoked weed before, what's it like????

is it like kissing a girl

[Fathom Zero]

dude it's like kissing a girl and your hand's in her pants

fingerpoppin', dude

[Zomboid]

I have a confession, bros: I've never smoked weed either. :(

I talk a big game, but weed is so hardcore and underground, and I guess I'm just a bit too much of a square--a "dweeboid," if you will.

[Tadao]

It's not like I deleted my facebook and started crying, I just think close minded ignorant dick wipes should leave their mouths for things like pleasuring their sisters instead bothering people about something they obviously know nothing about.

I asked to have this thread moved off of the general board and into the philosophy section, I honestly didn't mean to post it right on the front of the message board like a faggot.

Wow, you're not gonna cry are you? I hate it when you little pussy ass faggots cry.

[creeposaurus]

..

[Zomboid]

YOU THOUGHT I MEANT FOR THIS TO BE IN GENERAL BLABBER?

YOU IGNORANT FUCKS.

[ThrashO]

Wow, you're not gonna cry are you? I hate it when you little pussy ass faggots cry.

:tear why are mexicans so mean? :tear

[Womti]

I just smoked weed :x:lol2

[k0k0]

I don't even want to know how many fellow hobos you had to suck off to get that weed womti.

[Womti]

none.

[Tadao]

:tear why are mexicans so mean? :tear

Well, they mainly sell you oregano because you look like a mark.

[Tadao]

Oh shit guys, Zomboid's here, we'd better stop talking about the things we enjoy or he may snipe ironic at us!

Oh, heavens, save me from his venomous barbs.

I know that you're used to your irony extra thick and given by dudes in sweater vests and non-prescription glasses, but try not to have a conniption, OK? Maybe instead, go smoke a clove cigarette and just, like, think about what a joke conformity is.

:lol

[Guitar Woman]

In my 7 years posting on this website, I don't believe I've ever made any sort of overt rebellion against conformity, or even claimed to give a shit.

I don't know where you guys get this stuff.

[Tadao]

After 7 years posting on this website, I believe that people only post things that the believe to be factual.

[Guitar Woman]

what

[ThrashO]

AKA people who partake in marijuana are immediately noted as either hippies or beatnik faggots.

The biggest Pothead I know/guy I buy from is a pastor.

[Sam]

At the Church of Hippie Fags. :rolleyes

[Tadao]

It was more of an insult towards GW living in Portland. It's ok though because no one expects some fag from Raleigh to comprehend anything above a 5th grade reading level.

[Shyandquietguy]

I've never done weed either ya'll.

But sometimes I think about breaking my virginity.

Just for the RUSH!!

Note to self: read thread before replying!

[Esuohlim]

Hey treehuggers, is there a reason why this thread is titled obnoxiously?

[Shyandquietguy]

I personally thought he was just fighting the man!

But I guess he's in high school!

See what I did?

[Esuohlim]

lol

[Fathom Zero]

http://www.mspaintadventures.com/sweetbroandhellajeff/archive/034.gif

[ThrashO]

I dont get it, but it funny :)

WHITE POWER.

[Shyandquietguy]

Shut up?

[ThrashO]

OK FINE THEN WE'LL TALK ABOUT SOMETHING ELSE. >:

like earth, circle where you live guys:

https://atmire.com/labs17/bitstream/handle/123456789/7618/earth-map-huge.jpg

remember guys thats:

https://atmire.com/labs17/bitstream/handle/123456789/7618/earth-map-huge.jpg

if u live in the western hemisphere ive taken the time to flip the map upslide down 4 you:

https://atmire.com/labs17/bitstream/handle/123456789/7618/earth-map-huge.jpg

[edit: i dont know why it didnt work]

[ThrashO]

OK FINE THEN WE'LL TALK ABOUT SOMETHING ELSE. >:

like earth, circle where you live guys:

https://atmire.com/labs17/bitstream/handle/123456789/7618/earth-map-huge.jpg

remember guys thats:

https://atmire.com/labs17/bitstream/handle/123456789/7618/earth-map-huge.jpg

if u live in the western hemisphere ive taken the time to flip the map upslide down 4 you:

https://atmire.com/labs17/bitstream/handle/123456789/7618/earth-map-huge.jpg

[edit: i dont know why it didnt work]

lol did u guys see that :)

[ThrashO]

if you dont know where you live but think its america here is what it look likes

http://www.geobabble.org/~hnw/neon/withindomainrep2/withindomainrep2.neon0.clustdist2.huge.png

and this building is in it too

http://wvs.topleftpixel.com/photos/scotia_plaza_tall_stitched.jpg

:| i cant understand

[Shyandquietguy]

Let me rephrase that. Shut up please?

Because you've seemed to hit avante garde with reckless abandon and have yet to come out? Which proves that you're a simpleton?

[ThrashO]

while you guys are circlin heres some fun facts :)

This article is about the planet. For other uses, see Earth (disambiguation).

Earth

"The Blue Marble" photograph of Earth,
taken from Apollo 17
Designations
Pronunciation i/ˈɜrθ/
Adjective earthly, earthling, tellurian, telluric, terran, terrestrial.
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000.0[note 1]
Aphelion 152,098,232 km
1.01671388 AU[note 2]
Perihelion 147,098,290 km
0.98329134 AU[note 2]
Semi-major axis 149,598,261 km
1.00000261 AU[1]
Eccentricity 0.01671123[1]
Orbital period 365.256363004 days[2]
1.000017421 yr
Average orbital speed 29.78 km/s[3]
107,200 km/h
Mean anomaly 357.51716°[3]
Inclination 7.155° to Sun's equator
1.57869°[4] to invariable plane
Longitude of ascending node 348.73936°[3][note 3]
Argument of perihelion 114.20783°[3][note 4]
Satellites 1 natural (The Moon)
8,300+ artificial (as of 1 March 2001)[5]
Physical characteristics
Mean radius 6,371.0 km[6]
Equatorial radius 6,378.1 km[7][8]
Polar radius 6,356.8 km[9]
Flattening 0.0033528[10]
Circumference 40,075.017 km (equatorial)[8]
40,007.86 km (meridional)[11]
Surface area 510,072,000 km2[12][13][note 5]
148,940,000 km2 land (29.2 %)
361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)
Volume 1.08321×1012 km3[3]
Mass 5.9736×1024 kg[3]
Mean density 5.515 g/cm3[3]
Equatorial surface gravity 9.780327 m/s2[14]
0.99732 g
Escape velocity 11.186 km/s[3]
Sidereal rotation
period 0.99726968 d[15]
23h 56m 4.100s
Equatorial rotation velocity 1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)[16]
Axial tilt 23°26'21".4119[2]
Albedo 0.367 (geometric)[3]
0.306 (Bond)[3]
Surface temp.
Kelvin
Celsius
min mean max
184 K[17] 287.2 K[18] 331 K[19]
-89.2 °C 14 °C 57.8 °C
Atmosphere
Surface pressure 101.325 kPa (MSL)
Composition 78.08% nitrogen (N2)[3]
20.95% oxygen (O2)
0.93% argon
0.038% carbon dioxide
About 1% water vapor (varies with climate)
Earth (or the Earth) is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as the World, the Blue Planet,[20] or by its Latin name, Terra.[note 6]
Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within one billion years.[21] The planet is home to millions of species, including humans.[22] Earth's biosphere has significantly altered the atmosphere and other abiotic conditions on the planet, enabling the proliferation of aerobic organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer which, together with Earth's magnetic field, blocks harmful solar radiation, permitting life on land.[23] The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological history and orbit, have allowed life to persist during this period. The planet is expected to continue supporting life for at least another 500 million years.[24][25]
Earth's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered by salt water oceans, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with solid ice (Antarctic ice sheet) or sea ice (Arctic ice cap). The planet's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid iron inner core.
Earth interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. At present, Earth orbits the Sun once every 366.26 times it rotates about its own axis, which is equal to 365.26 solar days, or one sidereal year.[note 7] The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days).[26] Earth's only known natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation. Between approximately 3.8 billion and 4.1 billion years ago, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment.
Both the mineral resources of the planet, as well as the products of the biosphere, contribute resources that are used to support a global human population. These inhabitants are grouped into about 200 independent sovereign states, which interact through diplomacy, travel, trade, and military action. Human cultures have developed many views of the planet, including personification as a deity, a belief in a flat Earth or in the Earth as the center of the universe, and a modern perspective of the world as an integrated environment that requires stewardship.
Contents [hide]
1 Chronology
1.1 Evolution of life
1.2 Future
2 Composition and structure
2.1 Shape
2.2 Chemical composition
2.3 Internal structure
2.4 Heat
2.5 Tectonic plates
2.6 Surface
2.7 Hydrosphere
2.8 Atmosphere
2.8.1 Weather and climate
2.8.2 Upper atmosphere
2.9 Magnetic field
3 Orbit and rotation
3.1 Rotation
3.2 Orbit
3.3 Axial tilt and seasons
4 Moon
5 Habitability
5.1 Biosphere
5.2 Natural resources and land use
5.3 Natural and environmental hazards
5.4 Human geography
6 Cultural viewpoint
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Chronology

Main article: History of the Earth
See also: Geological history of Earth
Scientists have been able to reconstruct detailed information about the planet's past. The earliest dated Solar System material was formed 4.5672 ± 0.0006 billion years ago,[27] and by 4.54 billion years ago (within an uncertainty of 1%)[21] the Earth and the other planets in the Solar System had formed out of the solar nebula—a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun. This assembly of the Earth through accretion was thus largely completed within 10–20 million years.[28] Initially molten, the outer layer of the planet Earth cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed shortly thereafter, 4.53 billion years ago.[29]
The current consensus model[30] for the formation of the Moon is the giant impact hypothesis, in which the Moon was created when a Mars-sized object (sometimes called Theia) with about 10% of the Earth's mass[31] impacted the Earth in a glancing blow.[32] In this model, some of this object's mass would have merged with the Earth and a portion would have been ejected into space, but enough material would have been sent into orbit to coalesce into the Moon.
Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere of the Earth. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice and liquid water delivered by asteroids and the larger proto-planets, comets, and trans-Neptunian objects produced the oceans.[33] The newly formed Sun was only 70% of its present luminosity, yet evidence shows that the early oceans remained liquid—a contradiction dubbed the faint young Sun paradox. A combination of greenhouse gases and higher levels of solar activity served to raise the Earth's surface temperature, preventing the oceans from freezing over.[34] By 3.5 billion years ago, the Earth's magnetic field was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind.[35]
Two major models have been proposed for the rate of continental growth:[36] steady growth to the present-day[37] and rapid growth early in Earth history.[38] Current research shows that the second option is most likely, with rapid initial growth of continental crust[39] followed by a long-term steady continental area.[40][41][42] On time scales lasting hundreds of millions of years, the surface continually reshaped as continents formed and broke up. The continents migrated across the surface, occasionally combining to form a supercontinent. Roughly 750 million years ago (Ma), one of the earliest known supercontinents, Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart 180 Ma.[43]
Evolution of life
Main article: Evolutionary history of life
Highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago and half a billion years later the last common ancestor of all life existed.[44] The development of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms; the resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and formed a layer of ozone (a form of molecular oxygen [O3]) in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes.[45] True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, life colonized the surface of Earth.[46]
Since the 1960s, it has been hypothesized that severe glacial action between 750 and 580 Ma, during the Neoproterozoic, covered much of the planet in a sheet of ice. This hypothesis has been termed "Snowball Earth", and is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion, when multicellular life forms began to proliferate.[47]
Following the Cambrian explosion, about 535 Ma, there have been five major mass extinctions.[48] The most recent such event was 65 Ma, when an asteroid impact triggered the extinction of the (non-avian) dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared some small animals such as mammals, which then resembled shrews. Over the past 65 million years, mammalian life has diversified, and several million years ago an African ape-like animal such as Orrorin tugenensis gained the ability to stand upright.[49] This enabled tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which allowed the evolution of the human race. The development of agriculture, and then civilization, allowed humans to influence the Earth in a short time span as no other life form had,[50] affecting both the nature and quantity of other life forms.
The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Ma and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Ma. High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40–100,000 years. The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.[51]
Future
Main article: Future of the Earth
See also: Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth


The life cycle of the Sun
The future of the planet is closely tied to that of the Sun. As a result of the steady accumulation of helium at the Sun's core, the star's total luminosity will slowly increase. The luminosity of the Sun will grow by 10% over the next 1.1 Gyr (1.1 billion years) and by 40% over the next 3.5 Gyr.[52] Climate models indicate that the rise in radiation reaching the Earth is likely to have dire consequences, including the loss of the planet's oceans.[53]
The Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic CO2 cycle, reducing its concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 500 million[24] to 900 million years. The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, so animal life will become extinct within several million more years.[54] After another billion years all surface water will have disappeared[25] and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C[54] (158 °F). The Earth is expected to be effectively habitable for about another 500 million years from that point,[24] although this may be extended up to 2.3 billion years if the nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere.[55] Even if the Sun were eternal and stable, the continued internal cooling of the Earth would result in a loss of much of its CO2 due to reduced volcanism,[56] and 35% of the water in the oceans would descend to the mantle due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges.[57]
The Sun, as part of its evolution, will become a red giant in about 5 Gyr. Models predict that the Sun will expand out to about 250 times its present radius, roughly 1 AU (150,000,000 km).[52][58] Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, the Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250,000,000 km) from the Sun when the star reaches it maximum radius. The planet was therefore initially expected to escape envelopment by the expanded Sun's sparse outer atmosphere, though most, if not all, remaining life would have been destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5000 times its present level).[52] However, a 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will decay due to tidal effects and drag, causing it to enter the red giant Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.[58]
Composition and structure

Main article: Earth science
Further information: Earth physical characteristics tables
Earth is a terrestrial planet, meaning that it is a rocky body, rather than a gas giant like Jupiter. It is the largest of the four solar terrestrial planets in size and mass. Of these four planets, Earth also has the highest density, the highest surface gravity, the strongest magnetic field, and fastest rotation,[59] and is the only one with active plate tectonics.[60]
Shape
Main article: Figure of the Earth


Size comparison of inner planets (left to right): Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
The shape of the Earth is very close to that of an oblate spheroid, a sphere flattened along the axis from pole to pole such that there is a bulge around the equator.[61] This bulge results from the rotation of the Earth, and causes the diameter at the equator to be 43 km larger than the pole to pole diameter.[62] The average diameter of the reference spheroid is about 12,742 km, which is approximately 40,000 km/π, as the meter was originally defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole through Paris, France.[63]
Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid, though on a global scale, these deviations are very small: Earth has a tolerance of about one part in about 584, or 0.17%, from the reference spheroid, which is less than the 0.22% tolerance allowed in billiard balls.[64] The largest local deviations in the rocky surface of the Earth are Mount Everest (8848 m above local sea level) and the Mariana Trench (10,911 m below local sea level). Because of the equatorial bulge, the surface locations farthest from the center of the Earth are the summits of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador and Huascarán in Peru.[65][66][67]
Chemical composition of the crust[68]
Compound Formula Composition
Continental Oceanic
silica SiO2 60.2% 48.6%
alumina Al2O3 15.2% 16.5%
lime CaO 5.5% 12.3%
magnesia MgO 3.1% 6.8%
iron(II) oxide FeO 3.8% 6.2%
sodium oxide Na2O 3.0% 2.6%
potassium oxide K2O 2.8% 0.4%
iron(III) oxide Fe2O3 2.5% 2.3%
water H2O 1.4% 1.1%
carbon dioxide CO2 1.2% 1.4%
titanium dioxide TiO2 0.7% 1.4%
phosphorus pentoxide P2O5 0.2% 0.3%
Total 99.6% 99.9%
Chemical composition
See also: Abundance of elements on Earth
The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[69]
The geochemist F. W. Clarke calculated that a little more than 47% of the Earth's crust consists of oxygen. The more common rock constituents of the Earth's crust are nearly all oxides; chlorine, sulfur and fluorine are the only important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. The principal oxides are silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash and soda. The silica functions principally as an acid, forming silicates, and all the commonest minerals of igneous rocks are of this nature. From a computation based on 1,672 analyses of all kinds of rocks, Clarke deduced that 99.22% were composed of 11 oxides (see the table at right). All the other constituents occur only in very small quantities.[70]
Internal structure
Main article: Structure of the Earth
The interior of the Earth, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties, but unlike the other terrestrial planets, it has a distinct outer and inner core. The outer layer of the Earth is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity, and the thickness of the crust varies: averaging 6 km under the oceans and 30–50 km on the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are comprised. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 kilometers below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core.[71] The inner core may rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year.[72]
Geologic layers of the Earth[73]


Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Not to scale. Depth[74]
km Component Layer Density
g/cm3
0–60 Lithosphere[note 8] —
0–35 Crust[note 9] 2.2–2.9
35–60 Upper mantle 3.4–4.4
35–2890 Mantle 3.4–5.6
100–700 Asthenosphere —
2890–5100 Outer core 9.9–12.2
5100–6378 Inner core 12.8–13.1
Heat
Earth's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion (about 20%) and heat produced through radioactive decay (80%).[75] The major heat-producing isotopes in the Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232.[76] At the center of the planet, the temperature may be up to 7,000 K and the pressure could reach 360 GPa.[77] Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists believe that early in Earth history, before isotopes with short half-lives had been depleted, Earth's heat production would have been much higher. This extra heat production, twice present-day at approximately 3 billion years ago,[75] would have increased temperature gradients within the Earth, increasing the rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of igneous rocks such as komatiites that are not formed today.[78]
Present-day major heat-producing isotopes[79]
Isotope Heat release
W/kg isotope Half-life

years Mean mantle concentration
kg isotope/kg mantle Heat release
W/kg mantle
238U 9.46 × 10−5 4.47 × 109 30.8 × 10−9 2.91 × 10−12
235U 5.69 × 10−4 7.04 × 108 0.22 × 10−9 1.25 × 10−13
232Th 2.64 × 10−5 1.40 × 1010 124 × 10−9 3.27 × 10−12
40K 2.92 × 10−5 1.25 × 109 36.9 × 10−9 1.08 × 10−12
The mean heat loss from the Earth is 87 mW m−2, for a global heat loss of 4.42 × 1013 W.[80] A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes; a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts.[81] More of the heat in the Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs in the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than that of the continents.[82]
Tectonic plates
Earth's main plates[83]

Plate name Area
106 km2
African Plate[note 10] 78.0
Antarctic Plate 60.9
Indo-Australian Plate 47.2
Eurasian Plate 67.8
North American Plate 75.9
South American Plate 43.6
Pacific Plate 103.3
Main article: Plate tectonics
The mechanically rigid outer layer of the Earth, the lithosphere, is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: Convergent boundaries, at which two plates come together, Divergent boundaries, at which two plates are pulled apart, and Transform boundaries, in which two plates slide past one another laterally. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation can occur along these plate boundaries.[84] The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates,[85] and their motion is strongly coupled with convection patterns inside the Earth's mantle.
As the tectonic plates migrate across the planet, the ocean floor is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes continually recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Because of this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than 100 million years in age. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific, and has an estimated age of about 200 million years.[86][87] By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is 4030 million years old.[88]
The seven major plates are the Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, and South American. Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate, the Caribbean Plate, the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and 55 million years ago. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm/yr[89] and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/yr. At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the Eurasian Plate, progressing at a typical rate of about 21 mm/yr.[90]
Surface
Main articles: Landform and Extreme points of Earth
The Earth's terrain varies greatly from place to place. About 70.8%[91] of the surface is covered by water, with much of the continental shelf below sea level. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes,[62] oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus and abyssal plains. The remaining 29.2% not covered by water consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other geomorphologies.
The planetary surface undergoes reshaping over geological time periods because of tectonics and erosion. The surface features built up or deformed through plate tectonics are subject to steady weathering from precipitation, thermal cycles, and chemical effects. Glaciation, coastal erosion, the build-up of coral reefs, and large meteorite impacts[92] also act to reshape the landscape.


Present day Earth altimetry and bathymetry. Data from the National Geophysical Data Center's TerrainBase Digital Terrain Model.
The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors.[93] Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form only about 5% of the crust.[94] The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on the Earth's surface include quartz, the feldspars, amphibole, mica, pyroxene and olivine.[95] Common carbonate minerals include calcite (found in limestone) and dolomite.[96]
The pedosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Currently the total arable land is 13.31% of the land surface, with only 4.71% supporting permanent crops.[13] Close to 40% of the Earth's land surface is presently used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated 1.3×107 km2 of cropland and 3.4×107 km2 of pastureland.[97]
The elevation of the land surface of the Earth varies from the low point of −418 m at the Dead Sea, to a 2005-estimated maximum altitude of 8,848 m at the top of Mount Everest. The mean height of land above sea level is 840 m.[98]
Hydrosphere
Main article: Hydrosphere


Elevation histogram of the surface of the Earth
The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the "Blue Planet" from others in the Solar System. The Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of −10,911.4 m.[note 11][99]
The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35×1018 metric tons, or about 1/4400 of the total mass of the Earth. The oceans cover an area of 3.618×108 km2 with a mean depth of 3,682 m, resulting in an estimated volume of 1.332×109 km3.[100] If all the land on Earth were spread evenly, water would rise to an altitude of more than 2.7 km.[note 12] About 97.5% of the water is saline, while the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is currently ice.[101]
The average salinity of the Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (35 ‰).[102] Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool, igneous rocks.[103] The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms.[104] Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.[105] Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[106]
Atmosphere
Main article: Atmosphere of Earth
The atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth averages 101.325 kPa, with a scale height of about 8.5 km.[3] It is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with trace amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules. The height of the troposphere varies with latitude, ranging between 8 km at the poles to 17 km at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.[107]
Earth's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 2.7 billion years ago, forming the primarily nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer which blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land. Other atmospheric functions important to life on Earth include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature.[108] This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C and life would likely not exist.[91]
Weather and climate
Main articles: Weather and Climate


Satellite cloud cover image of Earth using NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
The Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km of the planet's surface. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower density air then rises, and is replaced by cooler, higher density air. The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of heat energy.[109]
The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°.[110] Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.[111]
Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and settles to the surface as precipitation.[109] Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land, and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topological features and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.[112]
The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes the sunlight reaches the surface at a lower angles and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4°C per per degree of latitude away from the equator.[113] The Earth can be sub-divided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are the tropical (or equatorial), subtropical, temperate and polar climates.[114] Climate can also be classified based on the temperature and precipitation, with the climate regions characterized by fairly uniform air masses. The commonly used Köppen climate classification system (as modified by Wladimir Köppen's student Rudolph Geiger) has five broad groups (humid tropics, arid, humid middle latitudes, continental and cold polar), which are further divided into more specific subtypes.[110]
Upper atmosphere


This view from orbit shows the full Moon partially obscured and deformed by the Earth's atmosphere. NASA image
See also: Outer space
Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.[108] Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the Earth's magnetic fields interact with the solar wind.[115] Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The Kármán line, defined as 100 km above the Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between atmosphere and space.[116]
Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the Earth's atmosphere have their velocity increased to the point where they can escape from the planet's gravity. This results in a slow but steady leakage of the atmosphere into space. Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular weight, it can achieve escape velocity more readily and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gasses.[117] The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the pushing of the Earth from an initially reducing state to its current oxidizing one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is believed to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.[118] Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the Earth's atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on the planet.[119] In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.[120]
Magnetic field


Schematic of Earth's magnetosphere. The solar wind flows from left to right
Main article: Earth's magnetic field
The Earth's magnetic field is shaped roughly as a magnetic dipole, with the poles currently located proximate to the planet's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic field strength at the planet's surface is 3.05 × 10−5 T, with global magnetic dipole moment of 7.91 × 1015 T m3.[121] According to dynamo theory, the field is generated within the molten outer core region where heat creates convection motions of conducting materials, generating electric currents. These in turn produce the Earth's magnetic field. The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This results in field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.[122][123]
The field forms the magnetosphere, which deflects particles in the solar wind. The sunward edge of the bow shock is located at about 13 times the radius of the Earth. The collision between the magnetic field and the solar wind forms the Van Allen radiation belts, a pair of concentric, torus-shaped regions of energetic charged particles. When the plasma enters the Earth's atmosphere at the magnetic poles, it forms the aurora.[124]
Orbit and rotation

Rotation
Main article: Earth's rotation


Earth's axial tilt (or obliquity) and its relation to the rotation axis and plane of orbit
Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time (86,400.0025 SI seconds).[125] As the Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century because of tidal acceleration, each day varies between 0 and 2 SI ms longer.[126][127]
Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86164.098903691 seconds of mean solar time (UT1), or 23h 56m 4.098903691s.[2][note 13] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, misnamed its sidereal day, is 86164.09053083288 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.09053083288s).[2] Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.[128] The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005[129] and 1962–2005.[130]
Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in the Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the celestial equator, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or Moon every two minutes; from the planet's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same.[131][132]
Orbit
Main article: Earth's orbit
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million kilometers every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year. From Earth, this gives an apparent movement of the Sun eastward with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1°/day, or a Sun or Moon diameter, every 12 hours. Because of this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian. The orbital speed of the Earth averages about 29.8 km/s (107,000 km/h), which is fast enough to cover the planet's diameter (about 12,600 km) in seven minutes, and the distance to the Moon (384,000 km) in four hours.[3]
The Moon revolves with the Earth around a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common revolution around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the celestial north pole, the motion of Earth, the Moon and their axial rotations are all counter-clockwise. Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and the Earth, the Earth appears to revolve in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.4 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane, and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted about 5 degrees against the Earth-Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses.[3][133]
The Hill sphere, or gravitational sphere of influence, of the Earth is about 1.5 Gm (or 1,500,000 kilometers) in radius.[134][note 14] This is maximum distance at which the Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit the Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun.


Illustration of the Milky Way Galaxy, showing the location of the Sun
Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in the Milky Way galaxy, orbiting about 28,000 light years from the center of the galaxy. It is currently about 20 light years above the galaxy's equatorial plane in the Orion spiral arm.[135]
Axial tilt and seasons
Main article: Axial tilt
Because of the axial tilt of the Earth, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This results in seasonal change in climate, with summer in the northern hemisphere occurring when the North Pole is pointing toward the Sun, and winter taking place when the pole is pointed away. During the summer, the day lasts longer and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes generally cooler and the days shorter. Above the Arctic Circle, an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year—a polar night. In the southern hemisphere the situation is exactly reversed, with the South Pole oriented opposite the direction of the North Pole.


Earth and Moon from Mars, imaged by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. From space, the Earth can be seen to go through phases similar to the phases of the Moon.
By astronomical convention, the four seasons are determined by the solstices—the point in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the equinoxes, when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular. In the northern hemisphere, Winter Solstice occurs on about December 21, Summer Solstice is near June 21, Spring Equinox is around March 20 and Autumnal Equinox is about September 23. In the Southern hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the Summer and Winter Solstices exchanged and the Spring and Autumnal Equinox dates switched.[136]
The angle of the Earth's tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. However, the tilt does undergo nutation; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years.[137] The orientation (rather than the angle) of the Earth's axis also changes over time, precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge. From the perspective of the Earth, the poles also migrate a few meters across the surface. This polar motion has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the Chandler wobble. The rotational velocity of the Earth also varies in a phenomenon known as length of day variation.[138]
In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around January 3, and the aphelion around July 4. However, these dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. The changing Earth-Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9%[note 15] in solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.[139]
Moon

Characteristics
Diameter 3,474.8 km
Mass 7.349×1022 kg
Semi-major axis 384,400 km
Orbital period 27 d 7 h 43.7 m
Main article: Moon
The Moon is a relatively large, terrestrial, planet-like satellite, with a diameter about one-quarter of the Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto. The natural satellites orbiting other planets are called "moons" after Earth's Moon.
The gravitational attraction between the Earth and Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit the Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.
Because of their tidal interaction, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm a year. Over millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23 µs a year—add up to significant changes.[140] During the Devonian period, for example, (approximately 410 million years ago) there were 400 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.8 hours.[141]


Details of the Earth-Moon system. Besides the radius of each object, the radius to the Earth-Moon barycenter is shown. Photos from NASA. Data from NASA. The Moon's axis is located by Cassini's third law.
The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.[142] Some theorists believe that without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to the Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting chaotic changes over millions of years, as appears to be the case for Mars.[143]
Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have very nearly the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant.[132] This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.
The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the giant impact theory, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains (among other things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements, and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of the Earth's crust.[144]
Earth has at least five co-orbital asteroids, including 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA29.[145][146] As of 2011, there are 931 operational, man-made satellites orbiting the Earth.[147] On July 27, 2011, astronomers reported a trojan asteroid companion, 2010 TK7, librating around the leading Lagrange triangular point, L4, of Earth in Earth's orbit around the Sun.[148][149]


A scale representation of the relative sizes of, and average distance between, Earth and Moon
Habitability

See also: Planetary habitability
A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable, even if life did not originate there. The Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism.[150] The distance of the Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere and protective magnetic field all contribute to the current climactic conditions at the surface.[151]
Biosphere
Main article: Biosphere
The planet's life forms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". This biosphere is generally believed to have begun evolving about 3.5 billion years ago. The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals. On land, biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude, height above sea level and humidity. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles, at high altitudes or in extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life; species diversity reaches a peak in humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes.[152]
Natural resources and land use
Main article: Natural resource
The Earth provides resources that are exploitable by humans for useful purposes. Some of these are non-renewable resources, such as mineral fuels, that are difficult to replenish on a short time scale.
Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from the Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, natural gas and methane clathrate. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Mineral ore bodies have also been formed in Earth's crust through a process of Ore genesis, resulting from actions of erosion and plate tectonics.[153] These bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements.
The Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans, including (but far from limited to) food, wood, pharmaceuticals, oxygen, and the recycling of many organic wastes. The land-based ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land.[154] Humans also live on the land by using building materials to construct shelters. In 1993, human use of land is approximately:
Land use Arable land Permanent crops Permanent pastures Forests and woodland Urban areas Other
Percentage 13.13%[13] 4.71%[13] 26% 32% 1.5% 30%
The estimated amount of irrigated land in 1993 was 2,481,250 km2.[13]
Natural and environmental hazards
Large areas of the Earth's surface are subject to extreme weather such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons that dominate life in those areas. From 1980–2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 deaths per year.[155] Many places are subject to earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, sinkholes, blizzards, floods, droughts, wildfires, and other calamities and disasters.
Many localized areas are subject to human-made pollution of the air and water, acid rain and toxic substances, loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, species extinction, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion, and introduction of invasive species.
According to the United Nations, a scientific consensus exists linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.[156]
Human geography
Main article: Human geography
See also: World


Cartography, the study and practice of map making, and vicariously geography, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting the Earth. Surveying, the determination of locations and distances, and to a lesser extent navigation, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information.
Earth has approximately 6,910,000,000 human inhabitants as of April 25, 2011.[157] Projections indicate that the world's human population will reach 7 billion in early 2012 and 9.2 billion in 2050.[158] Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations. Human population density varies widely around the world, but a majority live in Asia. By 2020, 60% of the world's population is expected to be living in urban, rather than rural, areas.[159]
It is estimated that only one-eighth of the surface of the Earth is suitable for humans to live on—three-quarters is covered by oceans, and half of the land area is either desert (14%),[160] high mountains (27%),[161] or other less suitable terrain. The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert, on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada.[162] (82°28′N) The southernmost is the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. (90°S)


The Earth at night, a composite of DMSP/OLS ground illumination data on a simulated night-time image of the world. This image is not photographic and many features are brighter than they would appear to a direct observer.
Independent sovereign nations claim the planet's entire land surface, except for some parts of Antarctica and the odd unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan. As of 2011 there are 204 sovereign states, including the 193 United Nations member states. In addition, there are 59 dependent territories, and a number of autonomous areas, territories under dispute and other entities.[13] Historically, Earth has never had a sovereign government with authority over the entire globe, although a number of nation-states have striven for world domination and failed.[163]
The United Nations is a worldwide intergovernmental organization that was created with the goal of intervening in the disputes between nations, thereby avoiding armed conflict.[164] It is not, however, a world government. The U.N. serves primarily as a forum for international diplomacy and international law. When the consensus of the membership permits, it provides a mechanism for armed intervention.[165]
The first human to orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961.[166] In total, about 400 people visited outer space and reached Earth orbit as of 2004, and, of these, twelve have walked on the Moon.[167][168][169] Normally the only humans in space are those on the International Space Station. The station's crew, currently six people, is usually replaced every six months.[170] The furthest humans have travelled from Earth is 400,171 km, achieved during the 1970 Apollo 13 mission.[171]
Cultural viewpoint

Main article: Earth in culture


The first photograph ever taken by astronauts of an "Earthrise", from Apollo 8
The name "Earth" derives from the Anglo-Saxon word erda, which means ground or soil, and is related to the German word Erde. It became eorthe later, and then erthe in Middle English.[172] The standard astronomical symbol of the Earth consists of a cross circumscribed by a circle.[173]
Unlike the rest of the planets in the Solar System, humankind did not begin to view the Earth as a moving object in orbit around the Sun until the 16th century.[174] Earth has often been personified as a deity, in particular a goddess. In many cultures the mother goddess is also portrayed as a fertility deity. Creation myths in many religions recall a story involving the creation of the Earth by a supernatural deity or deities. A variety of religious groups, often associated with fundamentalist branches of Protestantism[175] or Islam,[176] assert that their interpretations of these creation myths in sacred texts are literal truth and should be considered alongside or replace conventional scientific accounts of the formation of the Earth and the origin and development of life.[177] Such assertions are opposed by the scientific community[178][179] and by other religious groups.[180][181][182] A prominent example is the creation-evolution controversy.
In the past there were varying levels of belief in a flat Earth,[183] but this was displaced by the concept of a spherical Earth due to observation and circumnavigation.[184] The human perspective regarding the Earth has changed following the advent of spaceflight, and the biosphere is now widely viewed from a globally integrated perspective.[185][186] This is reflected in a growing environmental movement that is concerned about humankind's effects on the planet.[187]
See also

Earth sciences portal
Book: Solar System
Wikipedia Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.
Geodesy
Geology

Notes

^ All astronomical quantities vary, both secularly and periodically. The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000.0 of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.
^ a b aphelion = a × (1 + e); perihelion = a × (1 - e), where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity.
^ The reference lists the longitude of the ascending node as -11.26064°, which is equivalent to 348.73936° by the fact that any angle is equal to itself plus 360°.
^ The reference lists the longitude of perihelion, which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion. That is, 114.20783° + (-11.26064°) = 102.94719°.
^ Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding ice shelves, and mapping conventions for vertical datums, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the Vector Map and Global Landcover datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of the Earth's surface. The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock which supports them lies below sea level.
^ By International Astronomical Union convention, the term terra is used only for naming extensive land masses on celestial bodies other than the Earth. Cf. Blue, Jennifer (2007-07-05). "Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
^ The number of solar days is one less than the number of sidereal days because the orbital motion of the Earth about the Sun results in one additional revolution of the planet about its axis.
^ Locally varies between 5 and 200 km.
^ Locally varies between 5 and 70 km.
^ Including the Somali Plate, which is currently in the process of formation out of the African Plate. See: Chorowicz, Jean (October 2005). "The East African rift system". Journal of African Earth Sciences 43 (1–3): 379–410. Bibcode 2005JAfES..43..379C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019.
^ This is the measurement taken by the vessel Kaikō in March 1995 and is believed to be the most accurate measurement to date. See the Challenger Deep article for more details.
^ The total surface area of the Earth is 5.1×108 km2. To first approximation, the average depth would be the ratio of the two, or 2.7 km.
^ Aoki, the ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".—Aoki, S. (1982). "The new definition of universal time". Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 (2): 359–361. Bibcode 1982A&A...105..359A.
^ For the Earth, the Hill radius is
,
where m is the mass of the Earth, a is an Astronomical Unit, and M is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in A.U. is about: .
^ Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% the energy at aphelion.
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Further reading

Comins, Neil F. (2001). Discovering the Essential Universe (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. Bibcode 2003deu..book.....C. ISBN 0-7167-5804-0.
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[Shyandquietguy]

Lol, no one cares.

[ThrashO]

hich proves that you're a simpleton?
did you even see the stuff i know about earth i just typed :|

[Shyandquietguy]

Really?

[Fathom Zero]

Oh cool, that was funny the first time.

You wanna know how to really get us? Dilbert porn.

[ThrashO]

I'm sorry faggot, which fucking word didn't you understand?

[Shyandquietguy]

Oh I think it was pretty much understood.

You're just boring as shit, that's all.

[Shyandquietguy]

PS: http://www.i-mockery.com/forum/image.php?u=15981&dateline=1313003853http://www.i-mockery.com/forum/image.php?u=15981&dateline=1313003853http://www.i-mockery.com/forum/image.php?u=15981&dateline=1313003853http://www.i-mockery.com/forum/image.php?u=15981&dateline=1313003853

Well appearantly I can't get images to work.

At least you'll have that.

[Fathom Zero]

awwww darn

[k0k0]

It wasn't Thrash's fault, it was the weed. He was all doobied up on smack. I am guessing there's no food left in his fridge right now either. Just a jar of frozen mayo. This is the outcome of drugs! I am quitting my pottification and educating on the wrongs of mary jane usage.

[Pentegarn]

If you could roll a joint as big as Thrash0's posts the whole world would be high

[Zomboid]

You just knew that ThrashO would eventually succumb to that foul plant and just go nuts. Lessons, kids.

[Sam]

I'M GLAD WE CAN ALL SEE THE HORRORS OF MARIJUANA, AS THEY ARE ON NIGHTMARISH DISPLAY IN THIS THREAD.

KEEP POT ILLEGAL, FOR THE SAKE OF THE CHILDREN.

[k0k0]

Fuck yeah, I don't need my spermlings posting large pictures of the earth and earth facts on a message board while smacked out of their gourd. Down with weed, up with intolerance to weed!

[Tadao]

Some peole can't handle life let alone dope.

[Rongi]

AKA people who partake in marijuana are immediately noted as either hippies or beatnik faggots.

I'm pretty sure most people are smart enough to realize that everyone ever has smoked weed before

[Rongi]

BUT NICE TRY AT THE STRAWMAN ARGUEMENT YOU POT SMOKIN DOOFUS :angry

[Sam]

IT'S NOT A STRAWMAN ARGUMENT, IT'S A HEMPMAN ARGUMENT.

[Rongi]

I BET THIS GUY OWNS HEMP SHOES OR SOMETHING EQUALLY GAY :rolleyes

[Sam]

HEMP SANDALS MADE WITH ORGANICALLY GROWN HEMP MATERIAL OR SOME SUCH HORSESHIT

[kahljorn]

I ROCK MY HORSESHIT ADOBE SANDALS TOO

ALSO I USED TO GROW POT

[Rongi]

REAL TALK: I used to own a pair of hemp shoes made by a company called "simple" (ugh what a stupid hippie name). Those shoes were awesome until they fell apart

[Sam]

AND THEN YOU SMOKED THEM.

[ThrashO]

Hemp contains very low amounts of cannabinoids. There would be no point. :|

Also Kahl, MY FRIEND uses hydroponics in a secret box in his closet, its pretty dope (lol) wut do you use?

[Womti]

never grown weed but I'm pretty sure I can/could make hash :)

[Rongi]

Hemp contains very low amounts of cannabinoids. There would be no point.

oh my god dude, you are so dense

[Womti]

hey ron hey man both our names end in i's man, seriously, what's up with that? :hypno

[ThrashO]

oh my god dude, you are so dense

Im just sayin if you're tryin' to get trashed there is really no point in smoking hemp lol.

lol :|

[Pentegarn]

We interrupt this argument to tell Thrash0 that he has some obligations in the actor game thread to fulfill

[Sam]

oh my god dude, you are so dense

DENSER THEN THE FAT BUDS OF CHRONDO I GOT GROWING IN MY CLOSET MAN, AND THAT IS SO DENSE AND CRYSTALS ALL OVER AND IT'S GOOD SHIT MAN TIME TO WAKE AND BAKE BRAH

[ThrashO]

DENSER THEN THE FAT BUDS OF CHRONDO I GOT GROWING IN MY CLOSET MAN, AND THAT IS SO DENSE AND CRYSTALS ALL OVER AND IT'S GOOD SHIT MAN TIME TO WAKE AND BAKE BRAH

IM WIT THIS GUY http://www.rollitup.org/images/smilies/bong7bp.gif.pagespeed.ce.Y-aDoV4xZK.gif

Pent, be there soon, I'm really working on my next 10 red pickles here.

[Fathom Zero]

hempman argument

[Womti]

one time i smoked weed that was laced with acid and then i saw my mom and threw up


this is total BS guys cause everyone knows it's impossible to lace weed with acid :rolleyes

[executioneer]

maybe he was smoking acid that was laced with weed then

[Womti]

...

[ThrashO]

...

[executioneer]

...

[MrAdventure]

this thread is really gross!!!

[Babs]

yall grow that mad dank you hippies and/or beatnik faggots?

[Dimnos]

You cunts have been pussy footin it this entire thread. Its time to get down to the mother fucking business.

The Baja dog from sonic is fucking killer!

http://restaurantnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/SONIC-Restaurants-Introduce-Bold-and-Spicy-Baja-Dogs-Sundae-Shakes.jpg

What do you got?

[Rongi]

what the fuck

why was this thread brought back to life you idiots

[Babs]

weed

[Sam]

I love to smoke the hemp cigarettes, it makes movies funny.

Like Schindler's List.

[k0k0]

Once I smoked so many joints while watching Rocky that I punched myself in the crotch. There was jizz everywhere. My mom told me to go to my room.

[Sam]

How many joints was it, can you give me an exact number?

[k0k0]

Approximately 6 and a half joints. One of them may have been laced with hippie pubes. Really potent stuff.

[kahljorn]

cause they keep the acid next to their pubes and when they grab each others balls the vials explode :(

thats how you get acid laced weed

[Esuohlim]

THEWE EDTHR EAD

TH EWEE DTHRE AD

THEWE EDTH READ

T HE WEED THREAD

[Sam]

ONE TIME I SMOKED SOME WEED AND I WATCHED TV, IT WAS HEAVY.

THEN I HAD A SANDWICH AND IT TASTED GOOD.

IT WOULDN'T HAVE TASTED GOOD WITHOUT MARIJUANA.

THANK GOD FOR THE POTS.

[Guitar Woman]

I bought half an ounce of marijuana the other day.

That's a lot!

[executioneer]

aw man i'd totally smoke all that shit up in my bong pipes in like one toke son

[Babs]

HALF OUNCE OF MIDS N00B

[kahljorn]

it has a quarter ounce of seeds

[Tadao]

1/2 ounce? What the hell? Do you losers still work at Jack in the Box or something?

[Sam]

WHO PAYS FOR MARIJUANA? JUST GO STEAL IT OUT OF SOMEONE'S BACKYARD. :rolleyes

[Rongi]

last night my roommate Frank smoked weed in his room with two of his dude friends. an RA came in to unlock some door my other roommate didn't have his key to. Frank looked like he was about to shit himself when he saw the ra, but she didn't even notice

[Esuohlim]

Half of my RAs had rooms that smelled like pot.

[Rongi]

my friend is an ra at nyu. i used to smoke weed with him all the time. in his room

[Sam]

IF I HAD GONE TO COLLEGE I'M SURE I COULD CHIME IN ON THIS.

[k0k0]

I didn't go to college, so I'm going to chime in anyways. Shit's retarded yo.

[Fathom Zero]

aw man i'd totally smoke all that shit up in my bong pipes in like one toke son

:lol

there's no reason I can see why willie makes me laugh more than other people - he just does. :\

[Colonel Flagg]

Dudes, it's much healthier to just bake that stuff into brownies and eat 'em.

[kahljorn]

yea unless nobody else eats them and you have to eat them all by yourself

:/

[Colonel Flagg]

Everyone likes brownies! :yum

[executioneer]

yea unless nobody else eats them and you have to eat them all by yourself

:/
have i mentioned this happened to me

did i mention i almost popped my eyeballs out from throwing up too much

[ThrashO]

yeah when i get high on pot brownies I really just want more brownies so i keep getting crazy stoned.

[kahljorn]

yea you told me that story :lol

[Colonel Flagg]

You both talk about it like it's a bad thing. :confused

[Colonel Flagg]

Better living through chemistry. :themoreyouknow

[kahljorn]

colonel teach us how to make drugs with chemistry

[Fathom Zero]

http://img38.imageshack.us/img38/8239/identifyingweed640x845.jpg

[Guitar Woman]

Well, I bought a little black balloon of heroin today, in the Carl's Jr. on 5th Avenue that permanently smells like homeless people's urine. The guy who hooked me up swore up and down that it wasn't tar, but he was so fucking delirious that he didn't even recognize me after he went to the bathroom for a few minutes, so I probably shouldn't have listened to him.

I'm sure it's the real thing because it's got a nasty, bitter taste and smells like vinegar, but it's somewhere halfway between powder and tar, with little hard chunks surrounded by crushed powder on the bottom. I talked to a few people I know about it, and they say that all west-coast heroin is like this (and shitty). I keep trying to snort it, but whenever I get a line ready and separate the chunks from the powder, it starts to get moist and stick to itself and whatever surface I put it on, and it smears everywhere. It's currently spread out all over the inside of a sandwich bag; I dunno how the fuck I'm gonna scrape all of it out.

I only feel it a little tiny bit, and my eyes are pretty constricted, but it's barely there. It's about half of what I usually get from kratom.

This fucking sucks. I thought Portland was supposed to have good heroin.

[Esuohlim]

lol, you really fucked up in life already didn't you

[Guitar Woman]

I can't even ruin my life with a horrible drug addiction properly. :oneofthosedays

[ThrashO]

Well if I learned anything from I-Mockery...

Stay the FUCK out of Portland, Oregon.

[Zhukov]

GW, I hear you can easily make your own heroin style drug from over the counter medicines, paint thiner, hydrochloric acid, iodine and red phosphorus. Why not give it a try if this doesn't work out for you? Especially before dissing anyone else's attempt at heroin.

[kahljorn]

GW, I hear you can easily make your own heroin style drug from over the counter medicines, paint thiner, hydrochloric acid, iodine and red phosphorus. Why not give it a try if this doesn't work out for you? Especially before dissing anyone else's attempt at heroin.

pretty sure thats for meth. cept you dont really need paint thinner :O :O :O

I'm sure it's the real thing because it's got a nasty, bitter taste and smells like vinegar, but it's somewhere halfway between powder and tar, with little hard chunks surrounded by crushed powder on the bottom. I talked to a few people I know about it, and they say that all west-coast heroin is like this (and shitty). I keep trying to snort it, but whenever I get a line ready and separate the chunks from the powder, it starts to get moist and stick to itself and whatever surface I put it on, and it smears everywhere. It's currently spread out all over the inside of a sandwich bag; I dunno how the fuck I'm gonna scrape all of it out.Smoke it?

melt it into some water like you were gonna inject it and snort the water? you could even let the water evaporate ;/

or do this:http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=119735

id hella try to smoke that shit like meth or something tho just cause i love smoking meth

[Zhukov]

pretty sure thats for meth. cept you dont really need paint thinner :O :O :O


No, it's for this great drug that is fresh outta Moscow.

[k0k0]

It's even got a bad ass name, crocodile! Try it GW, you won't be let down.

[Guitar Woman]

I think I'd rather keep the flesh on my forearm, thanks.

melt it into some water like you were gonna inject it and snort the water? you could even let the water evaporate ;/
I did try this, but all that happened was my sinuses got clogged and I felt like an idiot. I thought of microwaving it, but I didn't want anyone to come up and be like "oh hey I think your heroin's done dude"

I'm not sure if I can even smoke it or not; I've heard you have to prep powder with 50% caffeine to smoke it properly, and I still have no idea wtf it is. It doesn't look like any tar heroin I can see on google.

I want to shoot it so I can finally be a real man, but wheel filters are apparently expensive as fuck, and I'm not popping it without one. Not to mention if I bought filters, saline solution, and insulin needles at a pharmacy, I'd probably get more than just a funny look. Also, if it is actually tar, I'd rather my veins not shrivel up and die horribly.

:\

[ThrashO]

You're not doing it right. What you have to do is lay on your back in the drive way, put the bag on your face and let a car run your head over. This is called a "Supreme Injection".

[Sacks]

HOT KNIFE THAT SHIT, JACK. THRASH METAL.

[kahljorn]

here's what you do. I dunno how similar heroin is to meth, but i know smoking it like this will work. Only thing i don't know is if you'll have to move the puddle around or if it just burns in place.

Get a piece of foil/pizzo or some shit and stick some of it in there. get a straw or cut a pen in half so you can suck through it. Try to make the foil like.. the size of a dollar bill with a fold down the middle of the long part. Put the shit inside of the foil. Hold a lighter under the foil where the shit is... not actually on the motherfucker just enough so the foil gets hot enough to start melting the shit. It should start smoking. suck up the smoke through the straw.. hold it just above the shit. The chunks should be perfect for this. Once it starts melting don't hold the lighter as close.
If it gets all moist and shit and looks like it can move around go ahead and tilt it so it starts running.. tilt it back and forth till you got a nice fat hit. If it gets moist and runny and you dont move it back and forth itll just get burnt. Otherwise whatever itll get burnt anyway.

i don't know if you're supposed to hold the smoke in or not though. Might want to look that up! maybe you could try exhaling almost immediately after you get a fat hit, and if it does nothing, then try holding it in.

also doing drugs like this is more addictive than doing the actual drugs :( GOO LUCK

[Sacks]

This is the most depressing thread this forum has ever seen.

[Guitar Woman]

Man, this is some fucking bad heroin.

I bought some insulin syringes today with the intent of shooting up, which I've been infatuated with for about two years, but when I got home, the powder and chunks had completely melted and solidified into a weird, sticky sludge in the bag (on a cold day, if you can believe that). So, I thought, "yeah, whatever, I'll just melt it again." I cooked up a chunk of it and the spoon was like a filthy pond full of algae, tadpoles, and maggots. After filtering it out, I sucked up maybe .2 units out of the original 30 I shot into the spoon, and there was about 4 times as much air in that fucker as drugs.

So, yeah, fuck this, I'm just eating it and letting my liver turn it into morphine. Fuck Portland's shitty heroin scene. I wish I could kick the shit out of the guy who sold this to me.

The taste and smell are ridiculously familiar, like something out of my childhood. I think my first best friend's house smelled like this every time I went over. Maybe he was a heroin addict.

Now I just have to figure out what I'm gonna do with all those leftover needles.

[kahljorn]

dude read my post and smoke it you dumbass

i dont think you're supposed to inject that kind of heroin anyway ;/

[Zhukov]

Heroin being filthy? Good gracious, no.

[Sacks]

If you put it in your ass it works faster.

[kahljorn]

If you put it in your ass it works faster.

YOU LIAR SMOKING IS FASTER

I AGREE THOUGH STICK IT IN YOUR ASS THATS A SURE BET ITLL EVEN MAKE IT STRONGER

[Zomboid]

Oh boy.

[Rongi]

Guys, you should really consider not bumping this awful fucking thread anymore

I think that would be a great idea

Also, GW you are an idiot

[Guitar Woman]

y'all nigs peanut butter and jelly

Also, it was an all right thread before the no-fun brigade came in and fucked with it

[Rongi]

y'all nigs peanut butter and jelly

lol shooting dope is so cool i'm gonna be like lou reed, man

[Sam]

HEY GUYS, LET'S SMOKE SOME REEFERS AND BE COOL AS ICE.

[ThrashO]

This thread started at the bottom of the grand canyon and still went downhill :\

[Guitar Woman]

Iggy Pop, actually

[kahljorn]

did you smoke the heroin yet

cause imma red pickle you if you dont smoke that shit

[Sam]

WHATEVER, SMACKY BROWN.

[Ex Leper]

My favorite pot song
3Yv04x7B2rU

[kahljorn]

GUITAR WOMAN WILL BE RECEIVING RED PICKLES UNTIL THEY SMOKE THE HEROIN, QUIt TRYINg TO BE COOL OR I FORGET ABOUT IT

[Emu]

im high as shittt

[kahljorn]

WGAR THE HELL I CANT RED PICKLE GUITAR WOMAN ANYMORE

[Emu]

Actually I haven't had weed in months.

[kahljorn]

me either :(

[Emu]

I had basically unrestricted access to it for about 3 years straight and I notice that now that I don't have it I've regained a short temper I only had before I started smoking.

[Rongi]

i stopped smoking weed because it started triggering these horrible panic attacks and made me all weird and unpleasant to be around

[Emu]

that's a good reason to stop

[ThrashO]

Last time I played some online multiplayer games was early in Gears 2, then after my Gold account expired I didn't get back on until recently.

I would like to say that anyone with these gamertags should be killed:

xXx420xXx
~420~StIcKyGrEeN~420~
-KRONIK-
BlAzIn_WeEd
$DankDope$
-~+={^!<>/\:/\**420**/\:/\<>!^}=+~-

Also, I can't fucking believe there is a pot leaf logo to customize your shit with in the MW games.

[Emu]

Gotta know your audience. That's why we have Modern Warfare Mountain Dew.

[Rongi]

So medical marijuana was just made illegal in california

Also im high right now i started smooking weed again

Sorry dad

[kahljorn]

eh they keep doing that

itll prolly be legal again in like five days

[ThrashO]

im crazy stoned right now. I like that I only smoke like 2-5 times a month. My friends never get as high as me.

Anyways, I think it was portugal that just made every drug legal. And none of the crime, murders or rape have gone up and not only that but teen usage has gone down. Which is awesome when you think about it. Now you have places that just sell WEED and you dont have to go to some shady ass house where youre exposed to zanaxs percosets, heroin, meth and coke every where.

[ThrashO]

Sorry dad

I've known my dad was a pothead since I was like 15, but to all of my families knowledge they think I despise the stuff and look down on people who do it.

I love watching my dad try to hide it while I look all ignorant to whats going on. I think next time I visit home I'm going to take a a fat bag and smoke him out.

[Kitsa]

I think Lou Reed was more of a wino who wanted people to think he was a junkie.

iirc.

[Esuohlim]

y'all nigs peanut butter and jelly

I hate this page because every time it loads up I have to read this and it's the stupidest sentence ever.

Does "peanut butter and jelly" mean "crazy" in 4chan-land or something?

[Rongi]

It means we're jealous

As in we're jealous that he does heroin

Because heroin is cool and romantic and stuff

[kahljorn]

he doesn't even do it right god damnit

lets make this page go away with a million posts cause reading that makes me mad too

[kahljorn]

GO AWAY PAGE

[kahljorn]

oh

[Dimnos]

Romantic. :lol Retarded is more like it.

[Emu]

hot 'n heavy 'n heroin

[ThrashO]

I hear the best way to do it is to inject a fresh bubble of air into the vein and then follow it up with heroin. Apparently the bubble floats up your your brain with the heroin close behind giving you an UNBELIEVABLE HIGH.

[kahljorn]

THATS WHY ITS CALLED CHASING THE DRAGON
AN AIR DRAGON

[executioneer]

if you get an air bubble in your brain you will get a brain embolism and probably stroke out and die.

also, putting air into your vein sends the blood back to your heart, not your brain. put it in an artery if you want to give yourself said brain embolism

[ThrashO]

if you get an air bubble in your brain you will get a brain embolism and probably stroke out and die.

also, putting air into your vein sends the blood back to your heart, not your brain. put it in an artery if you want to give yourself said brain embolism

Embolism is slang for "Extreme Euphoric High"

[Guitar Woman]

jelly = bastardization of jealous

GOD

You have to shoot a lot of air into your veins before it'll actually kill you. As in, an entire syringe worth.

I don't see why this is such a big deal. It was some overpriced weaksauce shit, definitely not as good as oxycodone. :\

I was kind of curious about cocaine, too, but then I saw how much of a fucking mess Bowie was after Diamond Dogs.

mHGzXx4uBdQ

*sniff sniff twitch sniff blink stammer*

[executioneer]

You have to shoot a lot of air into your veins before it'll actually kill you. As in, an entire syringe worth.

that's basically what I was saying. shoot any into an artery, though...

[Guitar Woman]

Yeah, yeesh.

I've seen pictures of people's arms exploding from the inside because of that. :(

[Emu]

You should probably not inject yourself with anything unless you're diabetic. Just sayin'

[Emu]

OR the guy from Bioshock.

[Esuohlim]

jelly = bastardization of jealous

GOD

YOU SIR ARE PEANUT BUTTER AND BANANAS

[ThrashO]

BANANAS = DUMBASS

[executioneer]

YOU SIR ARE PEANUT BUTTER AND BANANAS
i'd say he's nutella and marshmallow fluff

[ThrashO]

I want.

So there is no other flavor that has potential? Only the red?

[kahljorn]

DID YOU SMOKE IT YET YOU StuPID BASTARD OR ARE YOU JUSt COMING BACK TO TALK ABOUT IT WITHOUT EVEN HAVING DONE IT PROPERLY

GO BACK TO YOUR KRATOM YOU JACKASS :rolleyes

[ThrashO]

i was gonna post this in the philosophy section but then i realized where it really belongs.

anyways im watching the music video for Sea of Sorrow and layne staley is such a badass. his voice is hauntingly amazing. But he looks like a douche in this video, but he's not. where did music like this go? Now everyone who looks like a douche is and sounds like a douche too. isnt it sad that mtv is going to shape our kid's future the way it did for us when we were kids? What music even defines 00's? you cant think of anyone memorable or worth a damn and you wont in the future. the new generation is utter shit >:

[ThrashO]

yeah im fucking stoned as shit right now.

kbrANo-1QMQ&ob=av3e

they cut off the end of the solo but damn jerry cantrell rules.

[kahljorn]

LADY GAGA WILL DEFINE THE 00'S

HURRAH THE WORLD IS ENDING

[ThrashO]

Since I'm working alot and trying to stay out of the sea of poon, I've been getting baked and watching movies/shows that I've downloaded i mean bought at the store.

Tonight after I get off work I'm going get stoned out of my mind and watch the entire 4th season of courage the cowardly dog.

until i pass out.

GW hows that heroin r u dead yet