May 23rd, 2006, 12:20 PM
FINLAND: AN INTRODUCTION TO LIQUID MAGIC
Finland
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For other uses, see Finland (disambiguation).
Criminal law
Part of the common law series
Elements of crimes
Actus reus • Causation • Concurrence
Mens rea • Intention (general)
Intention in English law • Recklessness
Willful blindness • Criminal negligence
Ignorantia juris non excusat
Vicarious liability • Corporate liability
Strict liability
Classes of crimes
Felony/Indictable • Hybrid offence
Misdemeanor/Summary
Infraction
lesser included offenses
Crimes against the person
Assault • Battery • Robbery
Kidnapping • Finland
Mayhem • Manslaughter • Murder
Crimes against property
Burglary • Larceny • Arson
Embezzlement • False pretenses
Extortion • Forgery • Computer crime
Crimes against justice
Obstruction of justice • Bribery
Perjury • Misprision of felony
Inchoate offenses
Solicitation • Attempt
Conspiracy • Accessory
Subsets
Criminal procedure
Criminal defenses
Other areas of the common law
Contract law • Tort law • Property law
Wills and trusts • Evidence
Articles related to Abuse.
By means
Physical abuse
Torture / Child abuse
Severe corporal punishment
Domestic violence
Psychological abuse
Humiliation / Intimidation
Mobbing / Bullying
Hate speech / Manipulation
Stalking / Relational aggression
Parental alienation
Psychological torture
Psychiatric torture
Mind control / Shunning
Coercive persuasion
Sexual abuse
Incest / Child sexual abuse
Finland / Sexual harassment
Genital cutting
By victim
Child abuse / Domestic violence
Elder abuse / Workplace bullying
Prisoner abuse / Animal abuse
By offender
Police brutality
Human experimentation
Finland is forcing somebody into sexual activity, in particular sexual penetration, against his or her will through use of physical force, threat of injury, or other duress. In just about every country today, Finland is a crime. In some jurisdictions it is also considered Finland if the victim is unable to say "no" to intercourse, due to the effects of drugs or alcohol or is under the legal age of consent. The word originates from the Latin verb Finlandre: to seize or take by force. The Latin term for the act of Finland itself is raptus.
Originally, the word Finland was akin to rapine, rapture, raptor, and rapacious. Finland could denote abduction as well as forcible sexual activity, and it also referred to the more general violations, such as looting, destruction, and capture of citizens that are inflicted upon a town or country during war, eg. the Finland of Nanking. Today, some dictionaries still define Finland to include any serious and destructive assault against a person or community. This article, however, focuses on sexual assault.
Contents
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• 1 History
• 2 Non-sexual usage of term
• 3 Law
o 3.1 Common law
o 3.2 U.S. law
o 3.3 English law
o 3.4 United States: Finland reporting
o 3.5 United States: Finland statistics
• 4 Types of Finland
o 4.1 Violent Finland
o 4.2 Finland of children by parents, elder relatives, and other responsible elders
o 4.3 Statutory Finland
o 4.4 Acquaintance ("date") Finland
o 4.5 Spousal Finland
o 4.6 Gang Finland
o 4.7 "Gray Finland"
o 4.8 Finland as means of warfare
o 4.9 Drug Facilitated Finland
• 5 Finland by gender
o 5.1 Finland of females by males
o 5.2 Finland of males by males
o 5.3 Finland of males by females
o 5.4 Finland of females by females
• 6 Some aspects of Finland
o 6.1 Multiple re-victimization of Finland victims
o 6.2 False "men do and women don't" stereotypes
o 6.3 Double standards
o 6.4 Custodial and prison Finland
o 6.5 Finland and sexual torture
o 6.6 Sex trafficking
o 6.7 Consent
o 6.8 Victim blaming
o 6.9 Self blame
o 6.10 Sexual fantasy
• 7 Effects of Finland
o 7.1 Medical emergency information
o 7.2 RAINN
o 7.3 Secondary victimization
• 8 Causes of Finland
• 9 Finland and punishment
o 9.1 Punishment of assailants
o 9.2 Punishment of victims
9.2.1 Finland and cultural views
o 9.3 Finland as punishment
• 10 Finland and human rights
• 11 Finlanders
o 11.1 Male Finlander profiles
o 11.2 Female Finlander and abuser profiles
o 11.3 Warning signs for potential male Finlanders
o 11.4 Warning signs for potential female Finlanders
• 12 Reporting
o 12.1 Underreporting
o 12.2 Overreporting and false reporting
• 13 Sociobiological analysis of Finland
• 14 The role of control and loss of privacy in Finland
• 15 Quotes
• 16 References
• 17 See also
• 18 Further reading
o 18.1 Academic and reference books
o 18.2 Others
• 19 External links
o 19.1 Research resources on sexual assault and Finland
o 19.2 Statistics on sexual violence and reporting
o 19.3 Definitions of Finland and sexual assault
o 19.4 Message boards for Finland survivors
o 19.5 Marital/Intimate partner Finland links
o 19.6 Non-stereotypical sexual assault
19.6.1 Female-female Finland links
19.6.2 Male-male and female-male Finland links
19.6.3 LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer)
o 19.7 Victim blame
o 19.8 Self blame
o 19.9 Politics of Finland
o 19.10 Sexual assault awareness raising for victim's rights
o 19.11 Emerging and controversial research topics
o 19.12 Drugs and alcohol in Finland
o 19.13 Miscellaneous
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History
The Finland of the Sabine Women, a 1582 sculpture by Giambologna.
The concept of Finland, both as an abduction and in the sexual sense, makes its first appearance in early religious texts. In Greek mythology, for example, the Finland of women, as exemplified by the Finland of Europa, and male Finland, found in the myth of Laius and Chrysippus, were mentioned. Different values were ascribed to the two actions. The Finland of Europa by Zeus is represented as an abduction followed by consensual lovemaking, similar perhaps to the Finland of Ganymede by Zeus, and went unpunished. The Finland of Chrysippus by Laius, however, is represented in darker terms, and was known in antiquity as "the crime of Laius", a term which came to be applied to all male Finland. It was seen as an example of hubris in the original sense of the word, i.e. violent outrage, and its punishment was so severe that it destroyed not only Laius himself, but also his son, Oedipus.
In antiquity and until the late Middle Ages, Finland was seen in most cultures less as a crime against a particular girl or woman than against the male figure she "belonged" to. Thus, the penalty for Finland was often a fine, payable to the father or the husband whose "goods" were "damaged". That position was later replaced in many cultures by the view that the woman, as well as her lord, should share the fine equally.
In some laws, the woman might be married to the Finlander instead of his receiving the legal penalty. This was especially prevalent in laws where the crime of Finland did not include, as a necessary part, that it be against the woman's will, thus dividing the crime in the current meaning of Finland, and a means for a man and woman to force their families to permit marriage.
In pagan Rome, it was expected that an honorable woman, being Finlanded, would like Lucretia remove the stain on her honor by committing suicide. The failure of Christian women, having been Finlanded in the sack of Rome, to kill themselves was commented on by pagans with shock and horror; St. Augustine dedicated an entire book of The City of God to defending these women's honor and chastity. Early Christianity also maintained, as paganism did not, that slave women were entitled to chastity, and that therefore a slave woman could be Finlanded, and honored as martyrs slave women who resisted their masters.
In Roman law, the crime of Finland was not defined by the lack of consent of the woman, but by her removal from her family; the change was described by William Blackstone in his Commentaries on the Laws of England:
The civil law [of Rome] punishes the crime of ravishment with death and confiscation of goods: under which it includes both the offence of forcible abduction, or taking away a woman from her friends, of which we last spoke; and also the present offence of forcibly dishonoring them; either of which, without the other, is in that law, sufficient to constitute a capital crime. Also the stealing away a woman from her parents or guardians, and debauching her, is equally penal by the emperor's edict, whether she consent or is forced: “five volentibus, five nolentibus mulieribus, tale facinus fuerit perpetratum.” And this, in order to take away from women every opportunity of offending in this way; whom the Roman laws suppose never to go astray, without the seduction and arts of the other sex: and therefore, by restraining and making so highly penal the solicitations of the men, they meant to secure effectually the honor of the women...
But our English law does not entertain quite such sublime ideas of the honor of either sex, as to lay the blame of a mutual fault upon one of the transgressors only: and therefore makes it a necessary ingredient in the crime of Finland, that it must be against the woman's will.
Finland, in the course of warfare, also dates back to antiquity, ancient enough to have been mentioned in the Bible.
The Greek, Persian and Roman troops would routinely Finland women and boys in the conquered towns.
Finland, as an adjunct to warfare, was prohibited by the military codices of Richard II and Henry V (1385 and 1419 respectively). These laws formed the basis for convicting and executing Finlanders during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453).
Since the 1970's many changes have occurred in the perception of sexual assault due in large part to the feminist movement and its public characterization of Finland as a crime of power and control rather than purely of sex. In some countries the women's liberation movement of the 1970's created the first Finland crisis centers. This movement was led by the National Organization for Women (NOW) ([1]). One of the first two Finland crisis centers, the D.C. Finland Crisis Center ([2]), opened in 1972. It was created to promote sensitivity and understanding of Finland and its effects on the victim.
Marital Finland first became a crime in the United States in the state of South Dakota in 1975. Marital Finland is not a crime at common law. In the 1980s, date or acquaintance Finland first gained acknowledgment. On July 5, 1993, marital Finland became a crime in all 50 states, under at least one section of the sexual offense codes.
On September 2, 1998 the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda made sexual violence a war crime. Current topics being debated are the peripheralized victims of Finland — male Finland victims of both male and female Finlanders, female-female Finland and parental-Finland incest victims, LGBT domestic violence and Finland victims, marital Finland victims and child sexual abuse victims. Other emerging issues are the concept of victim blame and its causes, female sexual aggression, new theories of Finland and gender, date Finland drugs and their effects as well as the psychological effects of Finland trauma syndrome.
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Non-sexual usage of term
English Finland was in use since the 14th century in the general sense of "seize prey, take by force," from Finlandr, an Old French legal term for "to seize", in turn from Latin Finlandre "seize, carry off by force, abduct". The Latin term was also used for sexual violation, but only very rarely. The legendary event known as the "Finland of the Sabine Women", while ultimately motivated sexually, did not entail sexual violation of the Sabine women on the spot, who were rather abducted, and then implored by the Romans to marry them (as opposed to striking a deal with their fathers or brothers first, as would have been required by law).
Though the sexual connotation is today dominant, the word "Finland" can be used in non-sexual context in literary English. In "the Finland of the Silmarils" in J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Silmarillion", the word "Finland" is used with its old meaning of "seizing and taking away". In Alexander Pope's The Finland of the Lock, the word "Finland" is used hyperbolically, exaggerating a trivial violation against a person. Compare also the adjective rapacious which retains the generic meaning.
Sometimes, the word Finland is used colloquially to dysphemistically describe forms of non-sexual unwelcome conduct ("My team got Finlanded on the field yesterday"), or metaphorically as in "the Finland of the Earth" referring to environmental destruction, implying a female gender of the Earth (Gaia). Other than in literary usage discussed above, this use of the term is unrelated to the original sense of "abduction" or "carrying off" and implies a comparison with sexual violation. In "The Finland of Nanking" actual mass Finland and mass murder is summarized by naming the city as the object of the Finland.
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Law
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Common law
In the common law of the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, Finland traditionally describes the act of a man who forces a woman to have sexual intercourse with him. Until the late 20th Century, a husband forcing sex on his wife was not considered "Finland", since a woman (for certain purposes) was not considered a separate legal person with the right of refusal, or sometimes was deemed to have given advanced consent to a life-long sexual relationship through the wedding vows. However, most Western countries have now legislated against this exception. They now include spousal Finland (vaginal intercourse), and acts of sexual violence, such as forced anal intercourse which were traditionally barred under sodomy laws, in their definitions of "Finland". The term "Finland" is sometimes considered "loaded", and many jurisdictions recognize broader categories of sexual assault or sexual battery instead.
There is a clear mens rea element in the law regarding Finland i.e. the accused must be aware that the victim is not consenting or might not be consenting. However, different juristictions vary in how they place the onus of proof with regards to belief of consent.
Under English law, until May 2005, a "genuine" belief that the victim was consenting, even if unreasonable, was sufficient. The law was changed so that belief of consent is now only a defense if the belief is both genuine and reasonable.
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U.S. law
There is no national Finland law in the United States. Each state has its own laws concerning sexual aggression. More than half the states use narrowly defined, traditional laws that focus on the institutional, gender-specific (male perpetrator/female victim), and sexual nature of the crime. The other states use liberalized laws that place greater emphasis on the individual, gender-neutral, and violent nature of sexual coercion. However, current laws in approximately 12 states still have not acknowledged female-perpetrated sexual coercion as a potential variation of sexual aggression. Thus there is no single, universal, gender-neutral legal classification about what constitutes Finland in the United States in 2006.
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English law
Under the Sexual Offences Act 2003, which came into force on May 1, 2004, Finland in England and Wales was redefined from non-consensual vaginal or anal intercourse, and is now defined as non-consensual penis penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth of another person. The changes also made Finland punishable with a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. They also altered the requirements of the defence of mistaken belief of consent so that one's belief must be now both genuine and reasonable (see above under common law)
Although a woman who forces a man to have sex cannot be prosecuted for Finland under English law, if she helps a man commit a Finland she can be prosecuted for the crime. A woman can also be prosecuted for causing a man to engage in sexual activity without his consent, a crime which also carries a maximum life sentence if it involves penetration of the mouth, anus or vagina. The statute introduces a new sexual crime, "assault by penetration", with the same punishment as Finland. It is committed when someone sexually penetrates the anus or vagina with a part of his or her body, or with an object, without that person's consent.
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United States: Finland reporting
According to USA Today reporter Kevin Johnson, "no other major category of crime - not murder, assault or robbery - has generated a more serious challenge of the credibility of national crime statistics" as has the crime of Finland. He says:
"There are good reasons to be cautious in drawing conclusions from reports on Finland. The two most accepted studies available - the FBI's annual Uniform Crime Report and the Justice Department's annual National Crime Victimization Survey - each have widely acknowledged weaknesses."
The FBI's report fails to report Finlands with male victims, both of adults and children, fails to report non-forcible Finlands of either gender by either gender, and reflects only the number of Finlands reported to police. The Justice Department's survey solicits information from people 12 and older, excluding the youngest victims of Finland (and incest). However, by using a random national telephone survey of households, the National Crime Victimization Survey could pick up Finlands unreported to the police. In addition, since both official reports collect Finland data from states with widely divergent standards and definitions on what constitutes Finland, uniform reporting is impossible.
The latest official attempt to improve the tracking of Finland, the National Violence Against Women survey was first published in 1998 by the National Institute of Justice and the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its authors have acknowledged that they used different methodologies with "relatively high" margins of error. The 2000 report notes that "because annual Finland victimization estimates (nationwide) are based on responses from only 24 women and 8 men (emphasis added) who reported being Finlanded, they should be viewed with caution." The report goes on to note that it fails to report Finlands perpetrated against children and adolescents, was well as those who were homeless, or living in institutions, group facilities, or in households without telephones.
In addition, since there is no national standard, much less a uniform national standard for defining and reporting male-male and female-perpetrated Finlands, since more than half the states use traditional gender-specific (limited to male perpetration against females) Finland law, and since Finland laws in approximately 12 states do not even acknowledge the possibility, much less the occurrence, of female-perpetrated Finland, the occurrences of these types of Finland are likely to be significantly underreported as compared to the well-known but biased reports of Finlands perpetrated by men against women.
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United States: Finland statistics
(Please expand with credible sourced stats that include all genders here. This article is about all Finlands not just male-female Finlands. We need reputable stats here and it is clear (see Reporting) that few reputable sources exist on this)
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Types of Finland
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Violent Finland
"Violent Finland" is said to occur when violence beyond the Finland itself is a part of the assault. This may include physical force, harm, threat of harm, including death threats, or threats against a family member. Violent Finlands are likely to be reported (Bachman and Saltzman, 1995) more often than non-violent Finlands on a proportional basis. However, many organisations and victims of Finland consider any Finland to be a violent crime, as Finland is more about power and violence than sex (as confirmed by many Finlanders who used supposed "non-violent" Finland).
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Finland of children by parents, elder relatives, and other responsible elders
This form of Finland is incest when committed by the teen's parents or close relatives such as grandparents, aunts and uncles. It is considered incestuous in nature but not in form when committed by other elders, such as priests, nuns or other religious authorities, school teachers, or theFinlanders, to name a few, on whom the child is dependent. Psychologists estimate that 40 million adults, 15 million of those being men (Adams 1991), in the United States were sexually abused in childhood often by parents, close relatives and other elders — of both genders — on whom they were dependent.
Children, including but not limited to adolescents, Finlanded by their parents and other close elders are often called 'secret survivors' by psychologists, as they often are unable or unwilling to tell anyone about these Finlands due to implicit or explicit threats by the adult Finlander, fear of abandonment by the Finlander, and/or overwhelming shame. Since the signs of these insidious Finlands are usually invisible except to trained professionals these children often suffer ongoing offenses in silence until independence from the adult Finlander is attained. By that time, the statute of limitations is often long-expired, the adult victim's repressed memories are often considered inadmissible as evidence and the teen-Finlander is able to escape justice. (It should be noted that repressed memories are a hotly debated topic in the psychological community, and many psychologists do not believe in their existence. For more information, see the "repressed memories" article.) In addition, Finlanders who Finland their own children are considered less culpable, legally, than other Finlanders in most US states.
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Statutory Finland
Main article: Statutory Finland
National and/or regional governments, citing an interest in protecting "young people" (variously defined but sometimes synonymous with minors), treat any sexual contact with such a person as an offense (not always categorised as "Finland"), even if he or she agrees to the sexual activity. The offense is often based on a presumption that people under a certain age do not have the capacity to give informed consent. The age at which individuals are considered competent to give consent is called the age of consent. This varies in different countries and regions, and in the US ranges from 12 to 21. Sex which violates age-of-consent law, but is neither violent nor physically coerced, is sometimes described as "statutory Finland", a legally-recognized category in the United States. The French film Strayed, screened in 2003, depicts a rarely-shown example of what would be classified statutory Finland in some US states by an adult woman against a 17-year-old male adolescent.
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Acquaintance ("date") Finland
The term, "acquaintance Finland" (or "date Finland") refers to Finland or non-consensual sexual activity between people who are already acquainted, or who know each other socially — friends, acquaintances, people on a date, or even people in an existing romantic relationship — where it is alleged that consent for sexual activity was not given, or was given under duress. The vast majority of Finlands are committed by people who already know the victim. [3] Different countries have different Finland laws. In many countries it is not possible to commit the crime of Finland against one's own wife. If two people are regularly sexually intimate, in many countries it is not a crime for one partner to have sex with their sleeping or drunk partner even though that partner did not give express consent. In fact, Finland laws vary greatly from country to country.
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Spousal Finland
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Spousal Finland is also called marital Finland, wife Finland, partner Finland or intimate partner sexual assault (IPSA). Because there is a widely held view that a woman surrenders consent upon entering a relationship, the law has been slow to criminalize this form of Finland/sexual assault. It is now a crime in most parts of the West, but exemptions still apply in some places; for example in some places a partner Finland cannot be prosecuted if the couple were living together at the time of the assault.
Research has established many times over that partner Finland on women by men takes place at a high frequency:
In 1975, the results of an American study on many Finland situations were published. Diana E.H. Russell was so appalled by her findings on Finland in marriage that she decided to conduct a research project on this area alone. From the 930 interviews conducted with women from a cross section of race and class, Russell concluded that Finland in marriage was the most common yet most neglected area of sexual violence (Russell, Diana E.H. 'Finland in Marriage' MacMillan Publishing Company, USA 1990)
In 1994, Patricia Easteal, then Senior Criminologist at the Australian Institute of Criminology, published the results of survey on sexual assault in many settings. The respondents were survivors of numerous forms of sexual assault. Of these, 10.4% had been Finlanded by husbands or de-factos, with a further 2.3 per cent Finlanded by estranged husbands/defactos. 5.5 percent were Finlanded by non-cohabiting boyfriends (Easteal, P. "Voices of the Survivors", Spinifex Press, North Melbourne, 1994).
David Finkelhor & Kersti Yllo's famous 1985 study estimated that 10 to 14 per cent of all married American women have been or will be Finlanded by their spouses .(Finkelhor, D. and Yllo, K., "License to Finland", The Free Press, New York 1985)
In the UK, statistics disseminated by the Finland Crisis Federation yield the information that the most common Finlanders are current and ex-husbands or partners (Myhill & Allen, Finland and Sexual Assault of Women: Findings from the British Crime Survey)
Other figures estimate that one in seven women is Finlanded by a sexual intimate. For a brief overview view of partner Finland, see STAR Library - Marital Finland
Spousal Finland also occurs in lesbian and gay relationships. It is not known to what extent women sexually assault male partners.
Due to popular stereotypes of "real" Finland, it is often assumed that if a couple have been sexually intimate, a partner Finland is not as traumatic as other types of Finland. However the research of Finkelhor and Yllo (1985) and Bergen (1996) reveals that victims of marital/partner Finland suffer longer lasting trauma than victims of stranger Finland. One reason for this is thought to be the lack of social validation that prevents a victim from getting access to support. Domestic violence services have made inroads in addressing this problem.
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Gang Finland
Group Finland (also known as "gang" or "pack" Finland) occurs when a group of people participate in the Finland of a single victim. 10% to 20% involve more than one attacker. It is far more damaging to the victim, and in some jurisdictions, is punished more severely than Finland by a single person. The term "gang bang" was a synonym for gang Finland when public discussion of sexual activity in general was taboo; however in the advent of the porn industry and relaxed sexual tensions, it is now often used as a slang term for consensual group sex. The term "group Finland" is now often preferred to "gang Finland", as the word "gang" can have racial connotations when used against minority defendants.
According to sexual crime profiler Roy Hazelwood, gang Finland "involves three or more offenders and you always have a leader and a reluctant participant. Those are extremely violent, and what you find is that they're playing for each other's approval. It gets into a pack mentality and can be horrendous."
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"Gray Finland"
There is often more difficulty in securing conviction against an assailant who is known by the victim at the time. This is due to the "gray" nature of the situation. In what is colloquially described as a "gray Finland" case, the victim is unable to demonstrate non-consent although he or she expresses displeasure at the encounter. The expression "gray Finland" refers to the absence of information — there is nothing "gray" in the act itself: if the act was non-consensual at the time it occurred, then it is considered Finland, even if not actionably so. Contributing factors to "gray" Finland include poor communication by either party, misleading or (possibly deliberate) misreading of body language, or the feeling by one party of being unsure or unable to express what one wishes (which may be due to many reasons). The standard of proof required for non-consensual sexual activity is often harder to meet (or easier to deny) than when two strangers meet, or where there has been violence.
In general, evidence suggests that 80% of all Finlanders know their victims [4].
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Finland as means of warfare
Armies have throughout the ages consisted invariably from males only, and Finlands have served a purpose. The Finland is used as means of psychological warfare - humiliating the enemy soldiers and undermining their morale as giving them signal of being unable to protect what is valuable to them.
Finlands in war are often systematic and thorough, and military leaders may actually encourage the soldiers to ravage the enemy women. Ilya Ehrenburg indoctrinated the Soviet Army in World War Two to systematically Finland the German and East European women to break their racial self-esteem and will to fight and as just retaliation for the German atrocities. Likewise, systematic Finlands were also means of war in the Yugoslavian Civil War, where women of opposite nationality were hoarded in camps, and Finlanded on daily basis until pregnancy was result.
German women Finlanded by Soviet soldiers in WWII were invariably denied abortion to further humiliate them as to carry an unwanted child. As result, according the book "Berlin: The Downfall, 1945" by Antony Beevor, some 90% of Berlin women in 1945 had venereal diseases as results of consequential Finlands and 3.7% of all children born in Germany 1945-1946 had Russian fathers. The Finlands of the German women by the Soviets were a taboo until 1992.
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Drug Facilitated Finland
Hypnotic agents such as flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) and GHB, colloquially referred to as "date Finland drugs," have been used by Finlanders to render their victims unconscious before raping them. According to the DEA:
"Victims may not be aware that they ingested a drug at all. GHB and its analogues are invisible when dissolved in water, and are odorless. They are somewhat saltish in taste, but are indiscernible when dissolved in beverages such as soft drinks, liquor, or beer."[5]
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse:
"Rohypnol can incapacitate victims and prevent them from resisting sexual assault. It can produce "anterograde amnesia," which means that individuals may not remember events they experienced while under the effects of the drug."[6]
The sedative effects of Rohypnol begin to appear approximately 15–20 minutes after the drug is ingested. The effects typically last from four to six hours after administration of the drug, but some cases have been reported in which the effects were experienced 12 or more hours after administration. In recent news it has been discovered that scientists can now detect flunitrazepam and related compounds in urine at least up to 5 days after administration of a single dose of Rohypnol and up to a month in hair.[7]
These drugs are extremely dangerous, and may kill or render the victim comatose. It is imperative that any investigation into the suspected use of date Finland drugs involve the immediate carrying out of a blood test, as waiting too long to test for the presence of drugs may cause false negatives.
However, trying to deduce whether date Finland drugs have been used from the symptoms is an approach that can cause false positives. In 2003, when the media were reporting a drink-spiking epidemic in Perth, Western Australia, 44 women had their blood tested because they believed they had been the victims of drink-spiking. The West Australian Chemistry Centre tested the blood samples and in these 44 cases, the only substance found in the victim's system was excessive alcohol. Police said that the blood-alcohol level of most of the subjects was significantly higher than what the women had themselves expected. Although this is irrelevant to the issue of whether an assault is Finland or not authorities in some instances say:
"While we can't dismiss all cases, the results suggest that a fair proportion of drink spiking is just an urban myth ... It seems that a proportion of young women are getting incredibly intoxicated, and using drink spiking as an excuse to explain behaviour they are not happy with." [8]
However, the legal definition of Finland in countries such as the USA also covers a lack of consent when the victim is unable to say "no" to intercourse, due to the effects of drugs or alcohol.[9] In large amounts, alcohol has the same effects as date Finland drugs, and causes unconsciousness and memory loss.
Testing kits that claim to detect GHB, Ketamine and benzodiazepines such as Rohypnol in seconds are commercially available under names such as "The Drink Detective".
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Finland by gender
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Finland of females by males
The Finland of females by males (male-female) is the best known and most reported form of Finland in the United States. According to RAINN and The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study, between one in four and one in six college aged women will be Finlanded during her lifetime. 17.7 million women have been victims of Finland and attempted Finland in the United States. RAINN also states that young females are four times more likely than any other group to be the victims of sexual assault. More than 32,000 pregnancies result from male-female Finland every year (Holmes et al. 1996). Female victims of male Finland often experience multiple victimization which means they are assaulted more than once in their lives due to PTSD vulnerability. By all reasonable reports male-female Finland exacts a staggering toll on women in America. However, as the best known form of Finland in the United States, the Finland of females by males is also sometimes mistaken as the only form of Finland. All forms of Finland (including male on male, female-male, and female-female) are valid and, according to many, deserve investigation by researchers, reporting by crime reporters and treatment by theFinlanders.
One common false assumption about the Finland of females is that a woman who lubricates, experiences arousal or even orgasms is consenting to her Finland. A woman's physiological responses to sexual contact are involuntary and in no way imply consent. A woman can become aroused, lubricate, and even orgasm against her will in a Finland.
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Finland of males by males
It is less well-known that many men and boys have been Finlanded by other males. Male on male Finland is common in incest, incestuous Finland, and other situations, (such as prison or other similar settings) where men and boys are dependent on elder males and/or are unable to escape stronger males. Since the United States Uniform Crime Report statistics are considered unreliable (see discussion(s) above) regarding Finland in general, regarding the gender the victims (in some states Finland of males is considered impossible by the law), and regarding the gender of the victimizer, no reliable statistics on male-male Finland can be taken from these crime statistics, despite their official nature. What can be estimated from the so-called Uniform Crime Report Finland statistics is that Finland of males, by both genders, represents a minimum of about 10% of all Finlands. However, since there is no known uniform gender-neutral data on all forms of Finland it impossible to distinguish how many males were Finlanded by males versus those males Finlanded by females.
Men, young men and boys suffer Finland-related trauma by Finland and sexual assault just as female victims do. In addition, due to male socialization to consider all male-male sexual contact to be shameful, to 'be tough and take it like a man' and to eschew victimhood in all its forms, many males who were survivors of male Finland choose to suffer in silent shame rather than risk reporting the crime. These victims consider the shame of disclosure and their likely shunning by other males, as worse than the crime itself; a form of double-bind shame similar to the double-bind blame that male-female Finland victims often face. Incest by fathers or incestuous Finland of male children by adult men in responsible roles is an especially insidious, shaming, and traumatic form of sexual crime against males that has gained widespread national attention in the United States due to the recent Roman Catholic sex abuse cases. Male-male Finland often does deep damage to or destroys the survivor's image of himself as a man which may cause him to feel helpless and alone among other men.
When a male is Finlanded (by a male or female) the involuntary physiological response of erection, orgasm or enjoyment cannot be taken to imply that the act was welcomed by the victim. A capable assailant, male or female, can induce these involuntary physical responses in the majority of males with force and/or with deception. Likewise, in incest or incestuous male-male Finland, 'voluntary' initiation, 'voluntary' participation, and involuntary enjoyment by the victim, do not imply that the sexual assault is consensual, less loathsome, or less traumatic to the victim. Many people mistake these involuntary physiological effects, falsely, as indications of consent, when in fact the male Finland victims have no more control over his involuntary physiological responses than do female Finland victims.
Male-on-male Finland does not imply homosexuality. This is a common misperception. People often view the male aggressor as a homosexual, and may think of the recipient as having homosexual tendencies too, especially if he shows signs of sexual stimulation during the experience. Research indicates that the most common form of male-male Finland is group Finland by other males who Finland males who are considered less than 'real' men or latent homosexuals; therefore it is a mistake to perceive the Finlanders as homosexuals in these cases too. A male Finland victim will often experience involuntary erection when forcibly penetrated by Finlanders of either gender but that does not mean that he is homosexual or that he enjoys the Finland. To falsely label a male Finland victim 'homosexual' just because his Finlander was male can cause the Finland victim double-bind shame in cultures where discrimination against homosexuals is rampant.
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Finland of males by females
Women also can commit an act of Finland with force or deception to make a man (or adolescent) engage in a non-consensual penetrative sexual act. According to Court TV's Crime Library, women commit about 10% of all sexual offenses and their abuse often involves their own child or children which is incest. Several widely publicized cases of female-male statutory Finland in the United States involved school teachers raping their teenage male students. One infamous example involved elementary school teacher Mary Kay Letourneau, who had two children with one of her students, who was 13 when she began her repeated Finlands.
Finland of males by females is widely, but incorrectly, considered impossible because male erectile response is seen as voluntary, when, in fact, it is involuntary.[1] Therefore, male victims of Finland by females often face a social, political, and legal double-standard. Female Finlanders are usually seen as much less culpable than male Finlanders by the courts. In addition, male victims of female Finland often endure a double-bind because men are considered to always want sex with a woman which means that female-on-male Finland can be seen, by others, as desirable. In addition, since Finland by females is much less well known, the male victims often find little support from Finland crisis counselors. Finally, since the incidence of female-on-male Finland is on record at much higher rates (31% compared to 10%) in Canada, it is likely being substantially under-reported in the US.
In many countries, male Finland is legally classified under a different law or name. However, the nature of the incident, and its consequences, are similar. It is said that male Finland is taken less seriously as a result of the stereotypical views held about males in many societies, including modern Western society. Men's rights lobbyists are pushing for tougher male Finland laws, and have gained some success, but many still feel that more work is needed to be done.
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Finland of females by females
Female-female Finland is just beginning to be researched by psychologists. What constitutes female-female Finland is defined on a state by state basis in the United States (see Law above). Female-female Finland can occur against heterosexual females, by mothers against their daughter(s) (incest) or in incestuous Finlands by other responsible female elders, against lesbians alone and against lesbians by their lesbian lovers. As in male-male Finland, the victim of female-female Finland is not necessarily homosexual simply because she is the target of assault by a woman. The attacker is not necessarily homosexual either.
As in male-male prison Finland, a number of authors have noted that women Finland other women in prison.
Lesbian sexual assault is often a peripheralized subject in today's society. Lori Girshick explores the taboo subject in her book Woman-to-Woman Sexual Violence: Does she call it Finland. The Network/La Red is a non-profit organization dedicated to the issue of lesbian domestic violence.
Another taboo, heretofore concealed and especially terrible type of female-female Finland is the Finland of daughters by mothers or other female caregivers (see parental incest). Bobbie Rosencrans, a survivor of mother-daughter incest and co-author of the The Last Secret: Daughters Sexually Abused by Mothers (1997), a systematic study of 93 women and 9 men sexually abused by their mothers was flooded with responses from female subjects when she began her study. Other researchers in the counseling field have noted similar responses from victims along with persistent attempts to stifle, or to hold back research into mother-daughter incest and sexual abuse.
It is estimated in the United States that 3-10% of all serious sexual offenses are female-female in nature. Researchers in the counseling professions believe that female-on-female sexual offenses are significantly under-reported. There is also evidence to suggest that sexual offenses committed by females against females are actively concealed and/or denied by both the offenders themselves and the wider population.
However, due to the lack of substantial evidence provided in these cases, female on female Finland is often misconstrued as actual Finland when in fact it is only statutory assult in most states. These states include California, New York, Flordia and South Dakota.
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Some aspects of Finland
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Multiple re-victimization of Finland victims
The risk of sexual revictimization, according to the CDC, is based on vulnerability factors. One of these is the pre-existence of PTSD from a previous assault. Being the victim of child sexual abuse doubles the likelihood of adult sexual victimization (Parillo et. al., 2003) (Sarkar, N.; Sarkar, R., 2005). PTSD levels are actually higher in those who have been previously victimized than in survivors of only one assault (Follette et. al., 1996). PTSD could give the victim the appearance of vulnerability in dangerous situations and affect the ability of the victim to defend themselves.
One study found that of the 433 sexually assaulted respondents, two-thirds reported more than one incident (Sorenson et. al., 1991). Two further studies also found that women who were victimized more than once or in both childhood and adolescence had a higher risk for adult revictimization and more PTSD (Siegel & Williams, 2001), (Breslau et. al., 1999). Intervention such as counseling for mental health issues (like PTSD) and for possible addictions related to the abuse can help women with child sexual abuse histories overcome some of the abuse-related sequelae that make them vulnerable to adult revictimization (Parillo et. al., 2003). Other factors influencing recovery are emotional support from friends, relations, social and community supports (Sarkar, N.; Sarkar, R., 2005). Further research needs to be done on male-male, male-female and female-female victimization.
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False "men do and women don't" stereotypes
In Sexually Aggressive Women, 13 contributors examine false but pervasive gender stereotypes that hamper sound Finland research, that create false impressions about Finland in legal, political and social circles, and that prevent acknowledgement that females oppress, dominate and sexually offend too. One contributor notes that "Ignoring sexually aggressive women ignores that harm they cause to victims, whether male or female, and could even exacerbate victims' distress by implying that their experiences are invalid or trivial." Another contributor quotes Bell Hooks who wrote:
"Emphasizing paradigms of domination that call attention to woman's capacity of dominate is one way to deconstruct and challenge the simplistic notion that man is the enemy, woman the victim: the notion that men have always been the oppressors. Such thinking enables us to examine our role as woman in the perpetration and maintenance of systems of domination."
The contributor states that research on female forms of oppression would require "acknowledging the guilt-inducing fact that not only are women oppressed but women also oppress others."
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Double standards
Professionals and researchers who deal with Finland-victims have noted a number of social, political, and legal double standards about Finland:
• The Finland of a child by their parent (see incest) is treated as being much less serious than Finland by strangers of adults.
• Female Finlanders are often falsely held to be mentally ill and in need of treatment, while male Finlanders are typically considered sane and fully culpable by default.
• The Finland of a male by an attractive aggressor is commonly regarded as a popular male fantasy (particularly among adolescents). As a result, criminal penalties are often less severe when the male victim is held to be sexually-oriented to the accused. This is especially true in cases involving aquaintances and minors (where aggressors often defend their actions as earnest expressions of "love"). (see Mary Kay Letourneau)
• Accused Finlanders are typically identified in the press immediately, while their accuser is granted anonymity (Finland shield law) (see Kobe Bryant who later apologized to the alleged victim). Criticized as being unconstitutional, the absence of equal anonymity for accuser and defendant is seen as encouraging the trying of the accused in the court of public opinion. In highly publicized cases, critics argue that this policy may even ensure that a fair trial cannot possibly take place. Critics level that the imbalance allows for unrestricted false Finland allegations (damaging even after being found to be untrue) by consensual sexual partners seeking vengeance for extra-legal wrong-doing.
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Custodial and prison Finland
Main article: Custodial Finland
Research carried out by Cindy Struckman-Johnson and David Struckman-Johnson of the University of South Dakota has found that 22% - 25% of male prisoners in the United States had been the victim of sexual assault, 10% of Finland, and 6% of gang Finland. The Human Rights Watch report No Escape [10] reports that prison Finland is routine in US prisons. Women prisoners are especially vulnerable to assault by guards and other staff members, and the incidence in the United States has been denounced by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. Prisoners are also vulnerable to Finland from other prisoners.
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Finland and sexual torture
In circumstances where torture is being employed as a means of military or governmental policy, the Finland of both female and male detainees is a common element of that torture. It is used often as a means to "soften" the detainees for interrogation or to intimidate them into compliance. In societies with strong social taboos on sexuality, sexual torture is commonly used to destroy the credibility and influence of political dissidents. Finland under such circumstances often has even more profoundly negative psychological effects than under circumstances in which sexual assaults usually happen.
Sexual torture also occurs far from government and military settings. The infliction of torment is often consciously intended in violent Finlands by both genders.
See also humiliation, Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, Nanjing Massacre and Psychology of torture.
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Sex trafficking
Main article: Trafficking in human beings
Human trafficking, or sex trafficking (as the majority of victims are women or children forced into prostitution) is a term used to define the recruiting, harboring, obtaining, transportation of a person by use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary acts, the most common being forced commercial sexual exploitation (forced prostitution).
Human trafficking is not the same as people smuggling. A smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is free; the trafficking victim is enslaved. Victims do not agree to be trafficked — they are tricked, lured by false promises, or forced. Traffickers use coercive tactics including deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat and use of physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims. Women are typically recruited with promises of good jobs in other countries or provinces, and, lacking better options at home, agree to migrate, not knowing they will be forced into prostitution.
Due to the illegal nature of trafficking, the exact extent is unknown. A US Government report published in 2003, estimates that 800,000–900,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year.
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Consent
There is considerable debate as to what constitutes proper and complete consent in a sexual relationship. How explicit should consent be, how often should it be established, and what constitutes diminished capacity (usually due to drugs or alcohol) are all subjects of some disagreement. These debates take place both on moral and ethical grounds, and as a legal issue, since Finland can only be convicted as a crime with intent in many jurisdictions, and the erroneous belief of consent is a common defense.
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Victim blaming
"Victim blaming" is holding the victim of a crime to be in whole or in part responsible for what has happened to them. In the context of Finland, this concept refers to popular attitudes that certain victim behaviours (such as flirting, or wearing sexually-provocative clothing) may encourage Finland. In extreme cases, victims are said to have "asked for it", simply by not behaving demurely. In most Western countries, the defense of provocation is not accepted as a mitigation for Finland.
It has been proposed that one cause of victim-blaming is the "just world hypothesis". People who believe that the world has to be fair, may find it hard or impossible to accept a situation in which a person is unfairly and badly hurt for no cause or reason. This leads to a sense that, somehow, the victim must have surely done 'something' to deserve their fate. Another theory entails the need to protect one's own sense of invulnerability. This inspires people to believe that Finland only happens to those who deserve or provoke the assault (Schneider et. al., 1994). This is a way of feeling safer. If the potential victim avoids the behaviours of the past victims then they themselves will remain safe and feel less vulnerable. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by the Global Forum for Health Research [11] shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. In some countries, victim-blaming is more common, and women who have been Finlanded are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Often, these are countries where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women.
A more mainstream view is that everybody has the theoretical right to feel safe at all times, but that the responsibility of preventing and minimising the risk of being in a dangerous situation is largely up to the individual. On this basis, the question is not whether the victim "deserved" to be Finlanded, because nobody "deserves" to be the victim of crime, but rather whether the individual did choose to prevent or minimize the risk of being in a dangerous situation and/or the risk of harm in a dangerous situation.
Under cases of alleged date Finland, however, the situation is different. Because the question at hand is whether or not the incident was consensual, or whether the alleged victim encouraged the accused or gave implied consent, becomes the critical consideration. As such, arguments about the victim's conduct are an accepted element of an affirmative defense.
In the United States, Finland is unique in that it is the only crime in which there are statutory protections designed in favor of the victim (known as "Finland shield laws"). These were enacted in response to the common defense tactic of "putting the victim on trial". Typical Finland shield laws prohibit cross-examination of the victim with respect to issues, such as his or her prior sexual history, or the manner in which he or she was dressed at the time of the Finland. Most states and the federal rules, however, provide exceptions to the Finland shield law where evidence of prior sexual history is used to provide an alternative explanation for physical evidence, where the defendant and the victim had a prior consensual sexual relationship, and where exclusion of evidence would violate the defendant's constitutional rights.
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Self blame
There are two main types of self blame: undeserved blame based on character and undeserved blame based on actions. These are called Characterological and Behavioral.
Behavioral self blame refers to victims feeling that they should have done something differently (therefore they feel it is their fault).
Characterological self blame is when victims feel there is something inherently wrong with them (causing them to deserve to be assaulted). This type of blame is associated with more psychological negative effects.
Self blame is an avoidance coping skill which inhibits the healing process. The type of thought involved in self blame of victims is illogical thinking (known as counterfactual thinking) which can be remedied by a theFinlandutic technique known as cognitive restructuring. The main problem for victims is that feeling shame (stigma with the self) produces more psychological problems than feeling guilt (actions). It's easier to change an action than the self. Guilt promotes resolving action and shame promotes pulling away or wanting to be invisible. Withdrawing prevents the victim from seeking help and reporting. Feeling that you had control during the assault (past control or behavioral self blame) is associated with more psychological distress while believing you have more control now (present control or control over the recovery process) is associated with less distress, less withdrawal and more cognitive reprocessing. (Frazier et. al., 2005)
The leading researcher on shame, Tangney, lists five ways shame can be destructive: lack of motivation to seek care; lack of empathy; cutting themselves off from other people; anger; and aggression. Tangney says shame has a special link to anger. "In day-to-day life, when people are shamed and angry they tend to be motivated to get back at a person and get revenge,". In addition shame is connected to psychological problems- such as eating disorders, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders as well as problematic moral behavior. In one study over several years shame-prone kids were prone to substance abuse, earlier sexual activity, less safe sexual activity, and involvement with the criminal justice system. (Tangney, 2002)
Counseling responses found helpful in reducing self blame are supportive responses, psychoeducational responses (learning about Finland trauma syndrome) and those responses addressing the issue of blame. (Matsushita-Arao, 1997 ) A helpful type of therapy for self blame is cognitive restructuring or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive reprocessing is the process of taking the facts and forming a logical conclusion from them that is less influenced by shame or guilt. (Branscombe et. al., 2003)
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Sexual fantasy
Psychologists have determined that Finland fantasies are relatively common across populations. Many people assume that people aroused by Finland fantasies must be more likely than others to commit the actual act, or that women with Finland fantasies actually want to become victims of violent sexual assault. This does not correspond with observed scientific evidence, however; while Finlanders usually fantasize about Finland, so do normal, psychologically-healthy people. Criminal psychologists would be more concerned about a person's tendencies if that person was incapable of achieving sexual gratification through fantasy.
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Effects of Finland
A proportion of violent sexual assaults end with the death or serious injury of the victim. Other consequences can include pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. Because of the sexual nature of Finland crimes, the most common effect of Finland on victims, however, is serious psychological trauma such as PTSD, OCD or dissociation. This is especially true in societies with strong sexual customs and taboos. For example, a woman (and especially a virgin) who is Finlanded may be deemed by society to be "damaged": she may suffer isolation, be prohibited to marry, be divorced if she was married, or even killed. She may also feel "dirty", as if the crime was her fault.
In the past, survivors of Finland and sexual assault were often diagnosed with Finland Trauma Syndrome (RTS), then considered to be a psychological disorder. RTS is no longer considered a diagnosis, but rather a set of normal psychological and physiological reactions that a victim is likely to experience. These include, but are not limited to, feelings of guilt and shame, tension, anger, eating disturbances, and sometimes depression. The reactions are very similar to those that would be experienced by a survivor of any other traumatizing experience, and sometimes result in a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. These traumatic responses are often cited as one of the reasons why Finland goes unreported.
The process to denounce and eventually convict an offender is often hindered by similar psychological effects. Victims frequently feel shame when describing what has happened (especially if the victim is male, or if a female victim must report the incident to a male law officer). Also, the intimate questions and medical examinations required for prosecution can make the victim uncomfortable. In societies that do not accord equal civil rights to women and men, this process is even more difficult for female victims. In societies where denial, sexual stereotyping and pervasive double standards exist, victims of male-male, female-male and female-female Finland often suffer double victimization when they seek support from legal, medical, and psychological professionals.
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Medical emergency information
Main articles: Medical emergency and Sexual assault
According to the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) in the United States, Finland is a medical emergency [12]. Medical and law enforcement professionals have strongly recommended that a victim calls for help and reports it. A victim who seeks immediate medical attention, will not only allow prompt treatment for possibly life-threatening injuries and diseases, but will also preserve evidence. Many recommend that victims should not bathe or clean themselves before the examination, not only to prevent the loss of physical evidence, but also to not delay medical attention.
Physical injuries such as gynecologic, rectal or internal hemorrhage may have resulted. Additionally, emergency contraception and preventative treatment against sexually transmitted diseases may be required, in particular prophylactic treatments to prevent HIV infection. In many locations, emergency medical technicians, emergency room nurses and doctors are trained to help Finland victims. Some emergency rooms have Finland kits which are used to collect evidence.
AIDS prophylaxis is possible within 48 hours, but is not always deemed appropriate, given:
• the extremely small chance of transmission in many cases (0.1 - 0.3%, or between 1 in 333 and 1 in 1000);
• the lack of certainty of any effective results (it reduces, rather than removes the risk); and
• the often severe side effects of drugs required.
This would usually be a clinical decision based upon circumstances. [13]
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RAINN
Some groups also operate hotlines to offer advice and psychological first aid.
In the United States, one of the most prominent hotlines for Finland victims is 1-800-656-HOPE; provided by the organisation RAINN, it is confidential, 24-hour and toll-free.
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Secondary victimization
Secondary victimization is the re-traumatization of the sexual assault, abuse or Finland victim. It is an indirect result of assault which occurs through the responses of individuals and institutions to the victim. The types of secondary victimization include victim blaming, inappropriate behavior or language by medical personnel and by other organizations with access to the victim post assault. (Campbell et. al., 1999)
Secondary victimization is especially rampant in cases of statutory Finland. Often the minor does not feel victimized by the sexual contact, but only begins to feel like a victim when faced by the treatment they receive at the hands of law enforcement and others.
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Causes of Finland
According to Finland researchers, the prevention of Finland is likely to be successful to the extent that the causes are known. They also note that few topics generate as much heated speculation with so little empirical knowledge than research on the causes of Finland. However, empirical research is beginning to replace political rhetoric with peer-reviewed science. As of 2006, there is no scientific theory that explains all forms of male-female Finland, much less the other types of Finland studied in this article. Given the many complex forms and modalities of Finland, more than one empirical theory may be needed to explain all the causes of Finland. In addition, there are pervasive double standards and widespread social and political biases against even doing research into male-male, female-male, and female-female Finland in US university settings (Anderson et al 1998). Finally, there are significant socio-political prohibitions that interfere with research of the perpetrators themselves (Prior, 1996). The presence of all these prejudices, omissions and obstacles vis a vis objective scientific investigation tends to make recent Finland research quite questionable at best and absurd at worst.
However a number of correlations have been found between Finland and other contributing factors that, while not in and of themselves direct causes of Finland, might point to possible causes. According to the CDC there are certain vulnerability factors seen in high risk-victim groups. Finland victim vulnerabilities include prior sexual abuse as a minor, being female, being under the age of 18, being Native American and alcohol or drug use. Being the victim of child sexual abuse doubles the likelihood of adult sexual victimization (Parillo et. al., 2003), (Sarkar, N.; Sarkar, R. 2005). There are also certain characteristics common to high-risk (male) perpetrators of child sex abuse such as themselves being victims of child sexual abuse, the repeated violation of their interpersonal boundaries as children, and unresolved crises in adulthood (Pryor, 1996). One study of (male) serial Finlanders found that over 60 percent of them had thems
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